UPSC CSE MAINS-2024 Model Answers GS-2

UPSC CSE (Mains) 2024 Model Answer GS-2

1. Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation – one election” principle. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: Free and fair elections are the cornerstone of a vibrant democracy, ensuring that the will of the people is accurately represented. Various committees, such as the Law Commission of India, the Election Commission of India, and the NITI Aayog, have underscored the need for comprehensive electoral reforms to enhance the integrity and efficiency of the electoral process.

Need for Electoral Reforms:

Committee	Key Recommendations
Law Commission of India (2015)	Decriminalization of politics, inner-party democracy, and regulation of political funding.
Election Commission of India	Introduction of VVPATs, curbing the influence of money and muscle power, and ensuring transparency in political funding.
NITI Aayog	Simultaneous elections to reduce costs and administrative burden, and to ensure policy continuity.

One Nation-One Election Principle: The principle of "one nation-one election" proposes simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. The Economic Survey of 2019-20 highlighted several benefits:

• Cost Efficiency: Reduces the financial burden on the exchequer by cutting down on repeated election expenses.
• Administrative Efficiency: Frees up administrative and security resources that are otherwise engaged in continuous election cycles.
• Policy Continuity: Ensures stable governance by reducing the frequency of model code of conduct impositions, which often stall developmental activities.

Challenges in Implementation:

• Constitutional Amendments: Requires significant amendments to the Constitution, particularly Articles 83, 85, 172, 174, and 356.
• Political Consensus: Achieving consensus among all political parties is challenging. For instance, states like West Bengal and Tamil Nadu have expressed concerns over the potential centralization of power.
• Logistical Issues: Managing logistics for simultaneous elections across a vast and diverse country like India poses significant challenges.

Conclusion: Electoral reforms are crucial for strengthening democracy in India. While the "one nation-one election" principle offers several benefits, its implementation must be approached with caution, ensuring the consensus of all stakeholders. Additionally, leveraging technology can help achieve other electoral reform objectives, such as reducing campaign expenses and enhancing transparency.

2. Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats And Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases? (Answer in 150 words)

Answer : Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals are both alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms in India, but they differ significantly in their structure, functioning, and the types of cases they handle.

Lok Adalats:

1. Definition and Legal Framework:

• Lok Adalats are informal forums for the amicable settlement of disputes, established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
• They are organized by the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) and other Legal Services Institutions.

2. Nature of Cases:

• Lok Adalats primarily handle civil cases, including matrimonial disputes, property disputes, and cases related to public utility services.
• They can also handle compoundable criminal cases, which are minor offenses that can be settled between the parties involved.

3. Procedure:

• The process is informal, and there is no strict adherence to procedural laws or the Evidence Act.
• The parties involved can directly interact with the judges, who act as conciliators.

4. Binding Nature:

• The decisions made in Lok Adalats are binding on the parties and are considered as a decree of a civil court.
• There is no appeal against the decision of a Lok Adalat, ensuring finality.

5. Cost and Time Efficiency:

• Lok Adalats are cost-effective and provide a speedy resolution of disputes, reducing the burden on regular courts.

Arbitration Tribunals:

1. Definition and Legal Framework:

• Arbitration Tribunals are formal bodies established under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
• They are used for resolving disputes, particularly commercial disputes, through arbitration.

2. Nature of Cases:

• Arbitration Tribunals primarily handle civil cases, especially commercial and contractual disputes.
• They do not entertain criminal cases.

3. Procedure:

• The arbitration process is more formal and follows the procedures agreed upon by the parties in the arbitration agreement.
• Arbitrators are chosen by the parties and can be experts in the subject matter of the dispute.

4. Binding Nature:

• The awards given by Arbitration Tribunals are binding on the parties and can be enforced as a decree of the court.
• However, parties can challenge the arbitration award in a court under certain conditions, such as fraud or bias.

5. Cost and Time Efficiency:

• Arbitration can be more expensive than Lok Adalats due to the fees of arbitrators and legal representation.
• It is generally faster than traditional court litigation but may not be as quick as Lok Adalats.

Comparison:

Aspect	Lok Adalats	Arbitration Tribunals
Legal Framework	Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987	Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
Nature of Cases	Civil and compoundable criminal cases	Civil cases, primarily commercial disputes
Procedure	Informal, no strict adherence to procedural laws	Formal, follows agreed procedures
Binding Nature	Binding, no appeal	Binding, but can be challenged in court
Cost	Cost-effective	Can be expensive
Time Efficiency	Very fast	Faster than court litigation but slower than Lok Adalats

Conclusion:

Both Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals play crucial roles in the Indian legal system by providing alternative means of dispute resolution. Lok Adalats are more suited for amicable settlements of civil and minor criminal cases, offering a cost-effective and speedy resolution. In contrast, Arbitration Tribunals are more appropriate for complex commercial disputes, providing a formal and expert-driven resolution process. Understanding the distinctions between these mechanisms helps in choosing the appropriate forum for resolving specific types of disputes.

3. “The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy:” Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer:

The Cabinet system, also known as the Westminster system, is a cornerstone of parliamentary democracies like India. However, its evolution has led to concerns about the marginalization of parliamentary supremacy. This phenomenon can be understood through various dimensions:

Growth of the Cabinet System:

1. Concentration of Power:
• The Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister, holds significant executive power. Over time, this concentration has increased, often at the expense of the broader parliamentary body.
• The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) has become a central hub of decision-making, overshadowing the collective decision-making process that Parliament represents.
2. Party Discipline:
• Strong party discipline ensures that Members of Parliament (MPs) vote according to party lines, reducing the scope for independent legislative scrutiny and debate.
• The Anti-Defection Law (52nd Amendment Act, 1985) further enforces this discipline, limiting MPs' ability to vote against their party's directives.
3. Delegated Legislation:
• The Cabinet often resorts to delegated legislation, where detailed law-making is delegated to the executive. This reduces Parliament's role in scrutinizing and debating the specifics of legislation.
• For instance, numerous rules and regulations are framed by the executive without detailed parliamentary oversight.

Marginalization of Parliamentary Supremacy:

1. Limited Legislative Role:
• Parliament's role in law-making has been curtailed as the Cabinet often introduces bills and ensures their passage through party majority.
• The use of ordinances, which are executive orders issued by the President on the advice of the Cabinet, bypasses the legislative process. For example, the frequent use of ordinances by various governments has been a point of contention.
2. Question Hour and Parliamentary Committees:
• The effectiveness of Question Hour, a crucial mechanism for holding the executive accountable, has diminished due to disruptions and lack of substantive responses.
• Parliamentary Committees, which are essential for detailed scrutiny of bills and policies, often face limitations in terms of time, resources, and executive cooperation.
3. Executive Dominance:
• The executive's dominance is evident in the budgetary process, where the Finance Bill is often passed with limited debate due to time constraints.
• The practice of guillotine, where undiscussed demands for grants are put to vote, further undermines parliamentary scrutiny.

Examples and Case Studies:

1. Indira Gandhi Era:
• During Indira Gandhi's tenure as Prime Minister, the centralization of power in the PMO was particularly pronounced. The Emergency period (1975-77) is a stark example where parliamentary functions were severely curtailed.
2. Recent Trends:
• In recent years, the passage of significant legislation, such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the abrogation of Article 370, has seen limited parliamentary debate, raising concerns about the marginalization of Parliament.

Conclusion:

While the Cabinet system is designed to ensure efficient governance, its growth has led to the marginalization of parliamentary supremacy. The concentration of power in the executive, strong party discipline, and the use of delegated legislation have all contributed to this trend. To restore the balance, it is essential to strengthen parliamentary mechanisms, ensure robust debate and scrutiny, and uphold the principles of accountability and transparency. The health of a democracy depends on a vibrant and empowered Parliament that can effectively check and balance the executive's power.

4. “The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its propriety.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is a constitutional authority established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. The CAG is responsible for auditing all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments, including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government.

The primary role of the CAG is to ensure the legality of expenditure. This involves verifying that government spending is in accordance with the law and budgetary provisions. For instance, the CAG audits the receipts and expenditure of the Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring that all transactions are legally authorized and correctly accounted for.

However, the duty of the CAG extends beyond legality to include the propriety of expenditure. Propriety audit involves examining whether the expenditure is not only legal but also prudent and in the public interest. For example, the CAG might question the purchase of diesel locomotives when electric locomotives would be more economical and environmentally friendly. Another instance could be scrutinizing the allocation of funds for a project that does not align with the intended policy objectives, such as spending on luxury items in a welfare scheme.

The CAG faces several challenges in carrying out propriety checks. One significant challenge is the lack of technical expertise in specialized areas, which can hinder the thorough evaluation of complex projects. Additionally, there may be resistance from government departments in providing necessary information, which can impede the audit process.

In summary, the CAG plays a crucial role in ensuring both the legality and propriety of government expenditure. To strengthen the functioning of the CAG, it is recommended to enhance the technical expertise of the audit staff and ensure greater transparency and cooperation from government departments. The CAG is vital in maintaining financial accountability and transparency, thereby upholding the principles of good governance.

5. Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer:

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Act of 1992 established Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) respectively, providing a constitutional status to local self-governments in India. These amendments aimed to decentralize power and ensure grassroots democracy. Local bodies have significantly impacted good governance by enhancing accountability, transparency, and public participation. According to the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, over 2.5 lakh Panchayats and 4,000 ULBs are operational, impacting millions of lives.

Areas of Governance and Functions of Local Bodies:

• Healthcare: Local bodies manage primary health centers, sanitation, and immunization drives.
• Education: They oversee primary schools, adult education programs, and mid-day meal schemes.
• Infrastructure: Local bodies are responsible for local roads, water supply, and waste management.
• Social Welfare: They implement schemes for women, children, and marginalized communities.

Key Functions in Providing Good Governance:

• People's Participation: Local bodies facilitate direct involvement of citizens in decision-making processes, ensuring that governance is more responsive to local needs.
• Local Needs Assessment: They conduct surveys and consultations to identify and prioritize local issues, leading to more effective and targeted interventions.
• Transparency and Accountability: Regular meetings and public disclosures by local bodies enhance transparency and hold officials accountable.
• Service Delivery: Local bodies ensure timely and efficient delivery of essential services like water, sanitation, and public health.

Pros of Merging Rural and Urban Local Bodies:

• Uniform Service Delivery: A merged entity can standardize services across regions, reducing disparities in service quality.
• Better Planning and Resource Allocation: Integrated planning can lead to more efficient use of resources, addressing both urban and rural needs comprehensively.
• Enhanced Administrative Efficiency: A unified administrative structure can streamline processes and reduce bureaucratic delays.

Cons of Merging Rural and Urban Local Bodies:

• Loss of Local Identity: Rural areas may lose their unique cultural and social identity, leading to a sense of alienation among residents.
• Increased Administrative Burden: Managing a larger, more diverse area can complicate governance and strain administrative capacities.
• Resource Allocation Conflicts: Urban areas might dominate resource allocation, leading to neglect of rural needs.

In conclusion, local bodies play a crucial role in ensuring good governance at the grassroots level by promoting participation, transparency, and efficient service delivery. Strengthening these institutions is essential for better governance. However, any decision regarding the merger of rural and urban local bodies should be made after thorough consultation with all stakeholders to address potential challenges and ensure balanced development.

6. Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more inclusive as they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: Public charitable trusts are non-profit organizations established for the benefit of the public, focusing on areas like education, healthcare, and social welfare. Originating during the colonial era, these trusts have evolved to address various societal needs in India.

Public charitable trusts can significantly enhance inclusive development in India:

• Healthcare and Education: Trusts like the Tata Trusts and the Azim Premji Foundation have made substantial contributions to healthcare and education, providing services to underprivileged communities. For instance, the Tata Trusts' healthcare initiatives have reached over 2 million people.
• Cultural Activities: Trusts support cultural preservation and promotion, such as the India Foundation for the Arts, which funds projects to sustain traditional arts and crafts, ensuring cultural inclusivity.
• Social Welfare: Trusts like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have invested in sanitation and clean water projects, improving living conditions for marginalized groups.

Recommendations:

• Increased Transparency: Implementing stringent reporting standards can ensure funds are utilized effectively.
• Enhanced Accountability: Regular audits and public disclosures can build trust and ensure the proper functioning of these trusts.

In conclusion, public charitable trusts play a crucial role in making India's development more inclusive by addressing vital public issues. Enhancing transparency and accountability can further amplify their impact, ensuring they contribute effectively to societal progress.

7. Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation.
What steps can be taken to break the cycle? (Answer in 150 words)

Answer : Poverty and malnutrition are interlinked problems that create a vicious cycle, preventing individuals from achieving their full potential. Poor nutrition affects cognitive development and physical health, limiting access to education and employment opportunities, which in turn perpetuates poverty. To break this cycle, targeted interventions are necessary to address both poverty and malnutrition.

Body:

1. Nutrition-focused Interventions:
• Supplementary Nutrition Programs: Strengthening programs like the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and Midday Meal Scheme to ensure children receive balanced nutrition.
• Mother and Child Health: Focus on maternal health during pregnancy and the first 1000 days of a child’s life through schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) to prevent undernourishment.
• Fortification of Food: Promoting fortification of essential food items like salt, rice, and oil to enhance nutritional intake.
2. Economic Measures to Alleviate Poverty:
• Livelihood Generation: Expanding employment opportunities through programs like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and promoting entrepreneurship to provide income security.
• Cash Transfers and Subsidies: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) of food subsidies, and cash transfers to empower families economically, thus enabling better access to nutritious food.
3. Education and Awareness:
• Nutrition Literacy: Promoting awareness about balanced diets, breastfeeding, and sanitation through campaigns like Poshan Abhiyaan.
• Skill Development: Investment in education and skill development initiatives to enhance human capital and create pathways out of poverty.

Conclusion: Breaking the vicious cycle of poverty and malnutrition requires an integrated approach combining nutritional support, economic empowerment, and education. Holistic implementation of these steps will lead to better human capital formation and long-term development.

8. The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss.

Answer: The Doctrine of Democratic Governance emphasizes the need for a transparent, accountable, and efficient administrative system. The integrity and commitment of civil servants are pivotal in shaping public perception and trust in governance.

• Transparency and Accountability: Civil servants must adhere to principles of transparency and accountability. The Right to Information Act, 2005, empowers citizens to seek information from public authorities, ensuring that civil servants' actions are open to scrutiny.
• Ethical Conduct: The All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, mandate civil servants to maintain high ethical standards. Instances of corruption and misconduct, such as the 2G spectrum case, erode public trust. The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, aims to curb corruption by establishing an independent body to investigate corruption cases.
• Merit-based Recruitment and Promotions: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) ensures that recruitment is based on merit, promoting competence and integrity. The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended performance-based promotions to enhance efficiency and accountability.
• Training and Capacity Building: Continuous training programs, such as those conducted by the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), equip civil servants with the necessary skills and ethical grounding. The Mission Karmayogi initiative aims to build a future-ready civil service with a focus on competency and performance.
• Citizen-Centric Governance: Initiatives like the Sevottam model promote citizen-centric governance by setting service delivery standards and grievance redressal mechanisms. The e-Governance initiatives, such as the Digital India program, enhance transparency and efficiency in public service delivery.
• Judicial Oversight: The judiciary plays a crucial role in ensuring the integrity of civil servants. Landmark judgments like the Vineet Narain case (1997) led to the establishment of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) to oversee corruption cases in the bureaucracy.
• Public Participation: Engaging citizens in governance through mechanisms like social audits and public hearings fosters transparency and accountability. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) incorporates social audits to ensure transparency in implementation.
• Whistleblower Protection: The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014, safeguards individuals who expose corruption and misconduct, encouraging a culture of accountability.

In conclusion, the Doctrine of Democratic Governance necessitates that civil servants maintain the highest standards of integrity and commitment. By fostering transparency, accountability, ethical conduct, and citizen-centric governance, we can enhance public perception and trust in the administrative machinery, thereby strengthening democratic governance.

9. ‘The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategically to counter China’s political and economic dominance.” Explain this statement with examples. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: The recent Indo-China border tensions, particularly the Galwan Valley clash in 2020, have highlighted the fragile nature of India-China relations. This has coincided with a global reevaluation of dependence on China's supply chain, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Countries in the West, notably the United States and members of the European Union, are actively seeking alternatives to mitigate risks associated with over-reliance on China. India, with its burgeoning economy and strategic geopolitical position, has emerged as a viable alternative.

Reasons for West fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China's supply chain:

• Large Market and Growing Economy: India, with a population of over 1.4 billion, represents a significant market for global businesses. The Indian economy, projected to grow at around 6-7% annually, offers substantial opportunities for investment and trade. For instance, Apple's decision to shift a portion of its iPhone production to India underscores this trend.
• Availability of Cheap Labour: India offers a vast pool of skilled and semi-skilled labor at competitive costs. This is attractive for manufacturing sectors looking to diversify their production bases. The "Make in India" initiative aims to boost manufacturing and has already attracted significant foreign direct investment (FDI).

Reasons for West fostering India as a strategic counter to China's political and economic dominance:

• Strategic Location: India's geographical position near the Indian Ocean is crucial for global maritime trade routes. This makes India a pivotal player in ensuring the security and stability of these routes, countering China's influence in the region. The development of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a strategic military base is a step in this direction.
• Membership in International Groups: India's active participation in international groups like the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), alongside the US, Japan, and Australia, is a testament to its strategic importance. The QUAD aims to ensure a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific, countering China's assertive policies in the region.

In conclusion, India's role as an alternative to reduce dependence on China's supply chain and as a strategic counter to China's dominance is increasingly recognized by the West. Strengthening India-West relations is crucial, but it is equally important for India to maintain a balanced foreign policy, ensuring its strategic autonomy and fostering regional stability.

10. Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: The Central Asian Republics (CARs) — Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan — are strategically located in the heart of Eurasia. These nations are pivotal for India's foreign policy due to their rich energy resources, strategic location, and cultural ties.

India's diplomatic, economic, and strategic relations with the CARs have evolved significantly:

• Diplomatic Relations: India has established embassies in all CARs and regularly engages through high-level visits and multilateral forums like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). The India-Central Asia Dialogue, initiated in 2019, underscores India's commitment to deepening ties.
• Economic Relations: Trade between India and CARs, though modest, is growing. India has invested in sectors like pharmaceuticals, IT, and education. The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) aims to enhance connectivity, reducing transportation costs and time.
• Strategic Relations: India and CARs share concerns over terrorism and extremism. Cooperation in counter-terrorism is a key aspect of their strategic partnership. India has also extended military training and capacity-building programs to CARs.
• Cultural Ties: Historical connections through the Silk Route and shared cultural heritage have fostered strong people-to-people ties. Initiatives like the "Kabul to Kolkata" cultural festival and scholarships for Central Asian students in Indian universities strengthen these bonds.

The significance of India's relations with CARs in regional and global geopolitics is multifaceted:

• Energy Security: CARs, particularly Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, are rich in hydrocarbons. India's engagement with these nations is crucial for diversifying its energy sources and ensuring energy security.
• Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: The CARs' proximity to Afghanistan makes them critical partners in combating terrorism and ensuring regional stability. Collaborative efforts in intelligence sharing and joint exercises enhance security.

In conclusion, the Central Asian Republics are integral to India's foreign policy objectives, offering opportunities for energy security, economic growth, and regional stability. Strengthening ties with CARs and other regional groupings is essential for promoting a multi-polar world order and ensuring India's strategic interests.

11. What are the aims and objects of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024? Whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act ? (Answer in 250 words).

Answer: The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, is a legislative measure aimed at curbing malpractices in public examinations across India. The Act was introduced to ensure the integrity and fairness of the examination process, which is crucial for maintaining the credibility of educational and competitive assessments.

Aims and Objectives of The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024:

1. Prevention of Malpractices: The primary aim is to prevent unfair means such as cheating, impersonation, and use of unauthorized materials during public examinations.
2. Ensuring Fairness: To ensure that all candidates are assessed on an equal footing, thereby maintaining the sanctity and credibility of the examination process.
3. Deterrence: To act as a deterrent against individuals and organized groups who engage in or facilitate examination malpractices.
4. Legal Framework: To provide a comprehensive legal framework for the investigation, prosecution, and punishment of offenses related to examination malpractices.
5. Protection of Merit: To protect the interests of meritorious students who are disadvantaged by the prevalence of unfair practices.

Key Provisions of the Act:

1. Definition of Unfair Means: The Act clearly defines what constitutes unfair means, including cheating, impersonation, possession of unauthorized materials, and use of electronic devices.
2. Penalties: The Act prescribes stringent penalties for those found guilty of using unfair means. This includes fines, imprisonment, and disqualification from future examinations.
3. Role of Authorities: The Act empowers examination authorities to take immediate action against individuals suspected of malpractice. This includes the power to cancel examinations, debar candidates, and initiate legal proceedings.
4. Investigation and Prosecution: The Act provides for the establishment of special investigation teams and fast-track courts to handle cases related to examination malpractices.
5. Whistleblower Protection: The Act includes provisions to protect individuals who report instances of malpractice, ensuring that they are not subject to retaliation.

Coverage of University/State Education Board Examinations:

Yes, the Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, covers University and State Education Board examinations. The Act is applicable to all public examinations conducted by:

1. Central and State Examination Boards: This includes examinations conducted by bodies like the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), State Boards, and other similar authorities.
2. Universities: Both central and state universities are covered under the Act. This ensures that undergraduate, postgraduate, and other university-level examinations are conducted fairly.
3. Competitive Examinations: The Act also applies to competitive examinations conducted by various recruitment bodies such as the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), Staff Selection Commission (SSC), and other similar organizations.

Significance of the Act:

1. Restoring Trust: By addressing the issue of examination malpractices, the Act aims to restore public trust in the education and recruitment systems.
2. Meritocracy: Ensuring that only deserving candidates succeed based on their merit, thereby promoting a culture of hard work and integrity.
3. Global Standards: Aligning India's examination processes with global standards of fairness and transparency, enhancing the credibility of Indian qualifications internationally.

In conclusion, the Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, is a significant step towards ensuring the integrity of the examination process in India. By covering a wide range of examinations, including those conducted by universities and state education boards, the Act aims to create a level playing field for all candidates and uphold the principles of meritocracy and fairness.

12. Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: The right to privacy is a fundamental aspect of human dignity and personal liberty. In India, this right is inherently protected under Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. The landmark judgment by the Supreme Court in the case of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) vs. Union of India (2017) affirmed that the right to privacy is intrinsic to the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.

Right to Privacy under Article 21:

1. Constitutional Basis: Article 21 states, "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." The Supreme Court has interpreted this provision expansively to include the right to privacy as an essential component of the right to life and personal liberty.
2. Puttaswamy Judgment (2017): The nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court unanimously held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under the Constitution. The judgment emphasized that privacy is a core aspect of human dignity and autonomy, encompassing various dimensions such as bodily integrity, informational privacy, and decisional autonomy.

Law Relating to DNA Testing of Child in the Womb to Establish Paternity:

DNA testing to establish paternity involves complex legal and ethical considerations, particularly when it concerns a child in the womb. The legal framework governing such tests must balance the right to privacy with the need for justice and truth.

1. Legal Provisions:
• Indian Evidence Act, 1872: Section 112 of the Indian Evidence Act presumes the legitimacy of a child born during the continuance of a valid marriage. However, this presumption can be rebutted by evidence, including DNA tests.
• Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973: Section 53 and 53A of the CrPC allow for medical examination of the accused and the victim, respectively, which can include DNA tests in certain cases.
2. Judicial Pronouncements:
• Goutam Kundu vs. State of West Bengal (1993): The Supreme Court held that DNA tests should not be directed as a matter of course and should be ordered only when there is a strong prima facie case.
• Banarsi Dass vs. Teeku Dutta (2005): The Court reiterated that DNA tests should be used sparingly and only in exceptional cases where it is in the best interest of the child.
3. Ethical and Privacy Concerns:
• Consent: Conducting a DNA test on a child in the womb raises significant ethical concerns, particularly regarding the consent of the mother. The right to privacy of the mother must be respected, and her informed consent is crucial.
• Best Interest of the Child: The child's right to privacy and future well-being must also be considered. The potential psychological and social impact of establishing or disputing paternity through DNA tests should be carefully weighed.
4. Regulatory Framework:
• Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2020: This bill, once enacted, will provide a regulatory framework for assisted reproductive technologies, including provisions related to the use of genetic material and DNA testing.
• Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act): This Act regulates the use of prenatal diagnostic techniques to prevent sex-selective abortions. While it primarily addresses sex determination, it also has implications for the use of prenatal DNA tests.

Balancing Privacy and Justice:

The law relating to DNA testing of a child in the womb to establish paternity must strike a balance between the right to privacy and the pursuit of justice. Key considerations include:

1. Judicial Oversight: Courts must carefully scrutinize requests for DNA tests, ensuring that they are justified and necessary for the administration of justice.
2. Informed Consent: The informed consent of the mother is paramount. She must be fully aware of the implications of the test and her rights.
3. Child's Best Interest: The potential impact on the child's future must be a primary consideration. The child's right to privacy and well-being should not be compromised.

In conclusion, the right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, encompassing various dimensions of personal liberty and dignity. The law relating to DNA testing of a child in the womb to establish paternity must carefully balance the right to privacy with the need for justice, ensuring that the interests of all parties, particularly the child, are protected. Judicial oversight, informed consent, and consideration of the child's best interest are crucial in this delicate legal and ethical landscape.

13. What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-Stare relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: The Union Government has recently introduced several changes in the domain of Centre-State relations, such as the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) which centralizes tax collection, and the increased use of centrally sponsored schemes. These steps aim to create a uniform national policy and streamline governance. Cooperative federalism is crucial for India as it ensures balanced development and harmonious relations between different levels of government.

Reasons for Centralisation:

• Uniform National Policy: The need for a consistent approach in areas like health, education, and infrastructure to ensure equitable development across states.
• Efficient Resource Utilization: Centralization can lead to better allocation and utilization of resources, reducing redundancy and inefficiency.

Consequences of Centralisation:

• Reduced Financial Autonomy: States have less control over their finances, leading to dependency on central grants and reduced fiscal space.
• Erosion of State Powers: Centralization can undermine the authority of state governments, leading to tensions and conflicts.

Measures to Increase Trust:

• Timely Implementation of Finance Commission Recommendations: Ensuring that the recommendations are implemented promptly can enhance financial stability and trust.
• Regular Consultations: Institutionalizing regular dialogues between the Centre and States through forums like the Inter-State Council.

Measures to Strengthen Federalism:

• Enhanced Use of Concurrent List: Promoting cooperative policy-making in areas listed in the Concurrent List can lead to more inclusive and effective governance.
• Decentralization of Schemes: Allowing states more flexibility in the implementation of centrally sponsored schemes can cater to local needs better.

In conclusion, cooperative federalism is vital for India's unity and development. Implementing Finance Commission recommendations and promoting the use of the Concurrent List are essential steps towards strengthening federalism. With these measures, India can look forward to a more balanced and harmonious Centre-State relationship.

14. Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary ? (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India allows individuals or groups to file petitions in the interest of the public, especially for those who are unable to approach the courts themselves. Notable PILs include the Vishaka Guidelines case (1997) for preventing sexual harassment at the workplace and the MC Mehta case (1986) for environmental protection.

Reasons for Growth of PIL in India:

• Access to Justice: PILs have democratized access to justice, allowing marginalized and disadvantaged groups to seek redressal.
• Public Awareness: Increased awareness about rights and legal remedies has encouraged citizens to use PILs as a tool for social change.
• Judicial Activism: The proactive role of the judiciary in addressing social issues has fostered the growth of PILs.

Data Supporting Growth:

• According to the Supreme Court of India, the number of PILs filed has increased significantly, with over 60% of cases in the 1980s and 1990s being PILs.

Power of Indian Supreme Court:

• Continuous Monitoring: The Supreme Court has taken an active role in monitoring the implementation of its orders, as seen in the Right to Food case.
• Guiding Government Policy: Through PILs, the Court has influenced policies, such as the ban on the sale of alcohol near highways to reduce accidents.

Limitations on Power:

• Judicial Overreach: Critics argue that the judiciary sometimes encroaches on the domain of the executive and legislature, leading to a blurring of separation of powers.
• Resource Constraints: The judiciary's involvement in PILs can strain its resources, potentially delaying other important cases.

Conclusion: PILs have empowered the Indian Supreme Court to protect citizens' rights and address social injustices. This has led to a stronger judiciary capable of influencing government policies positively. However, the Court must balance its role to avoid overreach and ensure efficient use of its resources.

15. Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: India is a secular state, as enshrined in its Constitution. The term "secular" was explicitly added to the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. Secularism in India means that the state treats all religions equally and does not favor or discriminate against any religion.

Key Features of Indian Secularism:

• Constitutional Provisions: Articles 25 to 28 guarantee freedom of religion, allowing individuals to profess, practice, and propagate any religion.
• Equal Treatment: The state does not have an official religion and ensures equal treatment of all religions.
• Non-Interference: The state maintains a principled distance from religious affairs but can intervene to ensure social reform, as seen in the abolition of untouchability (Article 17) and the regulation of religious institutions.

Examples:

• Shah Bano Case (1985): The Supreme Court upheld the right of a Muslim woman to alimony, emphasizing the state's role in ensuring justice over religious laws.
• Sabarimala Verdict (2018): The Supreme Court allowed women of all ages to enter the Sabarimala temple, reinforcing the principle of gender equality over religious customs.

Comparison with US Secularism:

• First Amendment: The US Constitution's First Amendment prohibits the establishment of religion and guarantees the free exercise of religion, ensuring a clear separation of church and state.
• Strict Separation: The US follows a model of strict separation, where the state does not interfere in religious matters and vice versa.
• No State Religion: Like India, the US does not endorse any religion and ensures freedom of religion for all citizens.

Examples:

• Engel v. Vitale (1962): The US Supreme Court ruled that state-sponsored prayer in public schools is unconstitutional, reinforcing the separation of church and state.
• Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (2014): The Court allowed closely-held corporations to refuse contraceptive coverage on religious grounds, highlighting the protection of religious freedom.

Conclusion: Both India and the US uphold secular principles, but their approaches differ. India practices a form of secularism that allows state intervention for social reform and equality, while the US maintains a strict separation between religion and state. Both models aim to protect religious freedom and ensure equal treatment of all religions.

16. The Citizens’ charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realisation of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: The Citizens' Charter, introduced in the UK in 1991 and adopted by India in 1997, aims to make public services more responsive and accountable to citizens. It outlines the standards of service delivery, grievance redressal mechanisms, and the rights of citizens. According to a 2020 survey by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), 70% of respondents felt that Citizens' Charters improved service delivery.

Key features of Citizens' Charters include:

• Transparency: Clear information on services and procedures.
• Accountability: Defined responsibilities of service providers.
• Grievance Redressal: Mechanisms for addressing complaints.
• Standards of Service: Benchmarks for service delivery.

Despite these features, several factors hinder the full potential of Citizens' Charters:

• Lack of Awareness: Many citizens are unaware of the existence and provisions of the charters.
• Absence of Penal Provisions: There are no penalties for non-compliance, leading to lax implementation.
• Inadequate Training: Public officials often lack training on the importance and implementation of the charters.
• Poor Monitoring: There is insufficient monitoring and evaluation of the charters' effectiveness.

To overcome these challenges, the following measures can be implemented:

• Awareness Campaigns: Conduct widespread awareness campaigns to educate citizens about their rights and the provisions of the charters.
• Penal Provisions: Introduce penalties for non-compliance to ensure accountability.
• Training Programs: Regular training for public officials on the importance and implementation of Citizens' Charters.
• Monitoring Mechanisms: Establish robust monitoring and evaluation systems to assess the effectiveness of the charters.

In conclusion, Citizens' Charters play a crucial role in enhancing transparency and accountability in public administration. Addressing the challenges through awareness, penalties, training, and monitoring can significantly improve their effectiveness, ensuring better public service delivery.

17. In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level. (Answer in 250 words)

In a developing country like India, the public healthcare system plays a critical role in ensuring equitable access to health services, especially at the grassroots level. The growing marketisation of healthcare has led to rising costs and unequal access, necessitating a stronger role for the State in providing affordable and quality healthcare to all sections of society.

Body:

1. Strengthening Primary Healthcare Infrastructure:
• Upgrading PHCs and CHCs: Ensure that Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs) are well-equipped with necessary medical staff, medicines, and infrastructure to cater to the rural population.
• Mobile Health Units: Deploy mobile health units in remote and underserved areas to ensure healthcare services reach people living in hard-to-reach regions.
2. Universal Healthcare Coverage:
• Ayushman Bharat: Expand the coverage of the Ayushman Bharat scheme to include more beneficiaries, ensuring access to free or affordable healthcare services at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
• Health Insurance for All: Promote affordable health insurance schemes, especially for vulnerable sections, to reduce out-of-pocket healthcare expenses.
3. Increasing Public Health Funding:
• Enhancing Budgetary Allocation: Increase public healthcare expenditure to 2.5% of GDP as per the National Health Policy 2017, focusing on grassroots-level infrastructure and services.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Engage in PPPs to leverage private sector expertise while ensuring affordable services through government regulations.
4. Health Education and Workforce Development:
• Training Local Health Workers: Train ASHAs, ANMs, and other local health workers to improve the delivery of basic health services and promote health awareness at the grassroots level.
• Health Campaigns: Conduct awareness campaigns on preventive healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition to improve health outcomes.

Conclusion: The State must play a proactive role in improving the public healthcare system, ensuring affordable, accessible, and quality healthcare for all, especially at the grassroots level. By strengthening infrastructure, expanding coverage, and increasing funding, the State can effectively mitigate the negative impacts of marketisation.

18. e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in service delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context evaluate the role of the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: E-governance in India has seen significant strides with initiatives like Digital India, Aadhaar, and the Government e-Marketplace (GeM). These initiatives aim to leverage digital technology not only for efficient service delivery but also to foster transparency and accountability through multifarious interactions.

The 'Interactive Service Model' of e-governance is a paradigm that emphasizes active engagement between the government and citizens. Key features include:

• Real-time Feedback: Platforms like MyGov allow citizens to provide instant feedback on government policies and services.
• Grievance Redressal Mechanism: The Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) enables citizens to lodge complaints and track their resolution.
• Participatory Decision-Making: Initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission involve citizens in planning and decision-making processes.
• Information Dissemination: Portals like RTI Online facilitate easy access to information, promoting transparency.

Benefits of the Interactive Service Model:

• Increased Citizen Participation: Platforms like MyGov have seen millions of users actively participating in policy discussions and decision-making.
• Improved Service Delivery: Real-time feedback mechanisms help in promptly addressing issues, leading to better service delivery. For instance, the UMANG app integrates various government services on a single platform, enhancing accessibility and efficiency.

Challenges of the Interactive Service Model:

• Digital Divide: A significant portion of the population, especially in rural areas, lacks access to digital infrastructure, limiting the reach of e-governance.
• Data Security Concerns: With increasing digital interactions, the risk of data breaches and cyber-attacks has escalated, necessitating robust cybersecurity measures.

In conclusion, the 'Interactive Service Model' in e-governance is crucial for enhancing transparency, accountability, and citizen engagement. However, addressing challenges like the digital divide and data security is essential. Strengthening digital literacy programs and implementing stringent cybersecurity protocols can further improve the model. Successful examples like Estonia's e-governance system, which ensures secure and efficient digital interactions, can serve as a benchmark for India.

19. ‘Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.’ Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: Terrorism has increasingly threatened global peace and security, with recent incidents such as the Kabul airport attack in 2021 and the Christchurch mosque shootings in 2019 highlighting its pervasive impact. These events underscore the urgent need for effective international counter-terrorism measures.

The United Nations, particularly through the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) established by Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001), plays a pivotal role in combating terrorism. The CTC promotes international cooperation, monitors member states' implementation of counter-terrorism measures, and fosters global partnerships to address the root causes of terrorism.

Effectiveness of the CTC and its associated bodies:

• Promoting International Cooperation: The CTC has been instrumental in facilitating information sharing and joint operations among member states, enhancing global counter-terrorism efforts.
• Addressing Root Causes: By encouraging socio-economic development and political stability, the CTC aims to mitigate factors that contribute to terrorism.
• Fostering Global Partnerships: The CTC collaborates with various international organizations, such as INTERPOL and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), to strengthen global counter-terrorism frameworks.

Challenges in Effectively Running the CTC:

• Limited Enforcement Power: The CTC lacks the authority to enforce compliance, relying on member states' voluntary cooperation.
• Balancing Security with Human Rights: Ensuring counter-terrorism measures do not infringe on human rights remains a significant challenge.
• Bureaucracy and Coordination Issues: The complex UN structure can hinder swift and effective action, leading to delays and inefficiencies.

Measures for Effective CTC:

• Strengthening Human Rights Framework: Integrating human rights considerations into all counter-terrorism strategies to ensure a balanced approach.
• Improving Efficiency and Coordination: Streamlining processes within the UN and enhancing coordination among various bodies to reduce bureaucratic delays.
• Enhancing Member States' Capacity: Providing technical assistance and capacity-building programs to help member states implement effective counter-terrorism measures.

In conclusion, while the CTC plays a crucial role in the UN's counter-terrorism efforts, there is a need for continuous reforms and improvements to enhance its effectiveness. A comprehensive and multi-faceted approach, aligned with international laws and human rights, is essential to effectively counter the global threat of terrorism.

20. Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and/energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? (Answer in 250 words )

Answer: The Maldives, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, is strategically located near major sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) that are crucial for global trade and energy flows. Historically, India and Maldives have shared a close relationship marked by cultural ties, economic cooperation, and mutual security interests.

• Geopolitical and Geostrategic Importance:

· Economic Partnership: The Maldives' location along key maritime routes makes it vital for India's trade and energy security. Approximately 80% of global oil trade passes through the Indian Ocean, and the Maldives' proximity to these routes enhances India's ability to monitor and secure them.

· Maritime Security: The Maldives' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is significant for India's maritime domain awareness. India has provided the Maldives with coastal radar systems and patrol vessels to enhance maritime security.

· Regional Influence: The Maldives is a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), platforms where India can exert influence and promote regional stability.

· Tourism and Economic Aid: India is a major source of tourists for the Maldives, contributing significantly to its economy. Additionally, India has extended lines of credit and grants for infrastructure development in the Maldives.

• Impact on India's Maritime Security and Regional Stability:

· Maritime Infrastructure Development: India has assisted in developing the Maldives' maritime infrastructure, including the construction of ports and harbors, which enhances India's strategic reach in the Indian Ocean.

· Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Both nations collaborate on counter-terrorism efforts, sharing intelligence and conducting joint military exercises to combat piracy and terrorism.

· Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): India has been quick to provide HADR to the Maldives during natural disasters, strengthening bilateral ties and ensuring regional stability.

· International Competition: The growing presence of China in the Maldives, through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), poses a challenge to India's influence. India must navigate this competition carefully to maintain its strategic interests.

In conclusion, the Maldives is a key partner for India in the Indian Ocean region, crucial for securing maritime trade routes and ensuring regional stability. India must continue to strengthen its partnership with the Maldives while balancing its interests amidst international competition, particularly from China.