UPSC CSE MAINS-2024 Model Answers GS-1

UPSC-CSE (Mains) 2024 Model Answer GS-1

1: Underline the changes in the field of society and economy from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic period. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: The Rig Vedic period (c. 1500-1000 BCE) and the later Vedic period (c. 1000-600 BCE) are significant phases in ancient Indian history, marked by the composition of the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda, respectively.

Changes in Society:

• Varna System: The Rig Vedic society was relatively egalitarian with a flexible varna system. In the later Vedic period, the varna system became more rigid, leading to a hierarchical social structure.
• Social Hierarchy: The later Vedic period saw the emergence of the Kshatriyas and Brahmins as dominant classes, with the Shudras relegated to a lower status.
• Status of Women: Women in the Rig Vedic period enjoyed relatively higher status, participating in religious rituals and having access to education. In the later Vedic period, their status declined, with increased patriarchal norms and restrictions.
• Family Structure: The Rig Vedic society was predominantly pastoral with joint family systems. The later Vedic period saw the rise of settled agriculture, leading to nuclear families becoming more common.

Changes in Economy:

• Economic Diversification: The Rig Vedic economy was primarily pastoral, relying on cattle wealth. The later Vedic period saw diversification with increased emphasis on agriculture.
• Agriculture: The later Vedic period witnessed the use of iron tools, leading to agricultural expansion and surplus production.
• Trade: Trade and commerce expanded in the later Vedic period, with the emergence of new trade routes and markets.
• Cattle Wealth: While cattle continued to be important, their role as the primary measure of wealth diminished in the later Vedic period, with land and agricultural produce gaining prominence.

In summary, the transition from the Rig Vedic to the later Vedic period marked significant changes in both society and economy, with increased social stratification, decline in the status of women, and a shift from a pastoral to an agrarian economy.

2: Estimate the contribution of Pallavas of Kanchi for the development of art and literature of South India. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: The Pallavas of Kanchi, with their capital at Kanchipuram, were a significant South Indian dynasty that ruled from the 4th to the 9th century CE. Their reign is particularly noted for the remarkable development in art and literature.

Contribution to Art:

• Rock-Cut Architecture: The Pallavas pioneered rock-cut architecture in South India. The early phase is exemplified by the rock-cut temples at Mahabalipuram, such as the Pancha Rathas and the Varaha Cave Temple. These structures are notable for their intricate carvings and monolithic nature.
• Structural Temples: The later Pallava period saw the transition to structural temples, with the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram being a prime example. This temple is one of the earliest examples of Dravidian architecture.
• Sculptures: The Pallavas excelled in sculpture, creating detailed and expressive works. The Descent of the Ganges (Arjuna's Penance) at Mahabalipuram is a massive open-air rock relief that showcases their skill.
• Dance: The Pallavas also contributed to the development of classical dance forms. The depiction of dance postures in their sculptures influenced Bharatanatyam.

Contribution to Literature:

• Promotion of Sanskrit and Tamil: The Pallavas were patrons of both Sanskrit and Tamil literature. King Mahendravarman I himself was a playwright and authored the Sanskrit play "Mattavilasa Prahasana."
• Poetry and Music: The Pallava court was a hub for poets and musicians. The Nayanars and Alvars, who were Tamil poet-saints, flourished during this period, contributing significantly to Tamil devotional literature.
• Language Development: The Pallavas played a crucial role in the evolution of the Tamil script, which later influenced other South Indian scripts.

Development of New Styles:

• Dravidian Architecture: The architectural innovations of the Pallavas laid the foundation for the Dravidian style, which was later perfected by the Cholas.
• Classical Dance Forms: The depiction of dance in Pallava art influenced the codification of Bharatanatyam, which became a classical dance form in later centuries.

The Pallavas left a rich legacy in art and literature that influenced subsequent South Indian dynasties. Their contributions laid the groundwork for the cultural and artistic developments that followed, ensuring their place in the annals of Indian history.

3: What were the events that led to the Quit India Movement? Point out its results. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: The Quit India Movement, launched on August 8, 1942, was a crucial milestone in the Indian freedom struggle. It marked a decisive push towards ending British colonial rule. The movement was initiated by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who called for immediate independence and urged Indians to "Do or Die" in their quest for freedom.

Several events led to the Quit India Movement:

• Cripps Mission (1942): The British government sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India with a proposal for dominion status after World War II. The offer was rejected by Indian leaders as it did not promise immediate independence and retained British control over defense.
• Failure of World War II: The British decision to involve India in World War II without consulting Indian leaders led to widespread resentment. The war also caused economic hardships, including inflation and scarcity of essential goods.
• National Congress' Demand for Complete Independence: The Indian National Congress, frustrated by the lack of progress towards self-rule, demanded complete independence. The failure of the Cripps Mission further solidified this demand.
• Repression and Discontent: The British government's repressive measures, including the arrest of leaders and suppression of civil liberties, fueled public anger.
• Gandhiji's Leadership: Mahatma Gandhi's call for non-violent resistance and his emphasis on self-reliance inspired millions to join the movement.

The results of the Quit India Movement were significant:

• Widespread Participation: The movement saw mass participation from all sections of society, including students, workers, and peasants, demonstrating the widespread desire for independence.
• Repression by British Authorities: The British responded with severe repression, arresting thousands of leaders and activists, including Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel. The movement was declared illegal, and the press was censored.
• Strengthening of Nationalist Sentiment: Despite the repression, the movement strengthened nationalist sentiment and demonstrated the Indian people's resolve to achieve independence.
• Economic Impact: The movement disrupted British administration and economic activities, highlighting the unsustainability of British rule in India.
• Role of Gandhiji: Gandhi's leadership and his philosophy of non-violence remained central to the movement, inspiring future generations of freedom fighters.
• Prelude to Independence: The Quit India Movement created a sense of urgency and inevitability about Indian independence, setting the stage for the eventual withdrawal of British rule in 1947.

In conclusion, the Quit India Movement was a pivotal event in India's struggle for independence. It galvanized the Indian populace, demonstrated the untenability of British rule, and laid the groundwork for India's eventual independence in 1947.

4: What is sea surface temperature rise? How does it affect the formation of tropical cyclones? (Answer in 150 words)

Sea Surface Temperature Rise:

Sea surface temperature (SST) rise refers to the increase in the temperature of the ocean's surface waters. This phenomenon is primarily driven by global warming, which is caused by the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. According to the World Meteorological Organization's State of the Global Climate 2023 report, 2023 was the warmest year on record, with global average near-surface temperature at 1.45°C above the pre-industrial baseline. This rise in SST has significant implications for marine ecosystems, weather patterns, and climate systems globally.

Effects on the Formation of Tropical Cyclones:

Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes or typhoons depending on the region, are intense circular storms that originate over warm tropical oceans. The formation and intensity of these cyclones are closely linked to sea surface temperatures. Here’s how SST rise affects tropical cyclones:

1. Increased Energy Source:
• Warm sea surface temperatures provide the necessary heat and moisture that fuel tropical cyclones. When SSTs rise, more heat energy is available, which can lead to the formation of more intense cyclones.
• The threshold SST for cyclone formation is typically around 26.5°C. As SSTs rise above this threshold, the likelihood of cyclone formation increases.
2. Enhanced Evaporation:
• Higher SSTs lead to increased evaporation rates. This results in more water vapor in the atmosphere, which can condense to form clouds and precipitation, releasing latent heat that further energizes the cyclone.
• This process can lead to more intense rainfall and stronger winds within the cyclone.
3. Lower Atmospheric Pressure:
• Warm SSTs contribute to the development of low-pressure systems. As the warm, moist air rises, it creates a low-pressure area at the surface, which can initiate the cyclonic circulation.
• The lower the pressure, the stronger the cyclone can become, as the pressure gradient force drives stronger winds.
4. Increased Cyclone Intensity:
• Studies have shown a correlation between rising SSTs and the intensity of tropical cyclones. Warmer waters can lead to more powerful storms with higher wind speeds and greater potential for damage.
• The frequency of Category 4 and 5 cyclones (the most intense categories) has been observed to increase with rising SSTs.
5. Extended Cyclone Season:
• Rising SSTs can extend the duration of the cyclone season. Warmer waters earlier in the year and later into the season can provide favorable conditions for cyclone formation over a longer period.
• This can lead to an increased number of cyclones forming each year.
6. Geographical Shifts:
• As SSTs rise, the regions where tropical cyclones can form and intensify may shift. Areas that were previously too cool for cyclone formation may become susceptible, potentially affecting new regions.

Conclusion:

The rise in sea surface temperatures due to global warming has a profound impact on the formation and intensity of tropical cyclones. Warmer waters provide more energy and moisture, leading to stronger and potentially more frequent cyclones. This has significant implications for coastal communities, marine ecosystems, and global weather patterns. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for improving cyclone prediction models and developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.

5: Why do large cities tend to attract more migrants than smaller towns? Discuss in the light of conditions in developing countries. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: Migration from smaller towns to large cities is a common phenomenon in developing countries, driven by the pursuit of better opportunities and living conditions. Developing countries are characterized by lower income levels, rapid population growth, and ongoing industrialization.

Reasons for Migration to Large Cities:

• Economic Opportunities: Large cities offer diverse job opportunities in industries, services, and informal sectors. For instance, Mumbai, known as the financial capital of India, attracts millions seeking employment.
• Educational Opportunities: Cities house better educational institutions, universities, and vocational training centers. Delhi, with its numerous prestigious colleges, is a prime example.
• Healthcare Facilities: Advanced medical facilities and specialized healthcare services are more accessible in large cities. Chennai is renowned for its medical tourism and high-quality healthcare.
• Social Aspirations: Urban areas provide a modern lifestyle, better amenities, and social mobility. The allure of a cosmopolitan lifestyle in cities like Bengaluru attracts many young professionals.
• Infrastructure and Services: Cities have better infrastructure, including transportation, communication, and utilities, which are essential for a higher quality of life.
• Cultural and Recreational Activities: Large cities offer diverse cultural, recreational, and entertainment options, enhancing the overall living experience.

Challenges Posed by Migration to Large Cities:

• Increase in Urban Poverty: The influx of migrants often leads to the growth of slums and informal settlements, exacerbating urban poverty. Dharavi in Mumbai is one of the largest slums in Asia.
• Pressure on Infrastructure: Overcrowding strains public transport, housing, water supply, and sanitation services. Delhi's metro system, despite its extensive network, often faces overcrowding issues.
• Pollution: High population density contributes to air, water, and noise pollution. Delhi frequently ranks among the most polluted cities globally.
• Social Inequality: The disparity between the affluent and the poor widens, leading to social tensions and crime. The stark contrast between South Mumbai and its slums highlights this issue.

Conclusion:

Migration is indicative of progress and the quest for better living standards. However, the focus should not solely be on developing large cities into super cities. Balanced regional development is crucial.

Solutions:

• Planned Development of Smaller Towns: Invest in infrastructure, healthcare, and education in smaller towns to make them attractive for migrants.
• Decentralization of Industries: Encourage the establishment of industries and businesses in smaller towns to create local employment opportunities.
• Improved Connectivity: Enhance transportation and communication networks to integrate smaller towns with larger economic hubs.
• Policy Interventions: Implement policies that promote equitable development and reduce regional disparities.

By addressing these aspects, the pressure on large cities can be alleviated, leading to more balanced and sustainable urbanization.

6: What is the phenomenon of ‘cloudbursts’? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)

A cloudburst is an extreme weather phenomenon characterized by an intense and sudden rainfall over a small geographical area within a short period, typically less than a few hours. This can result in a significant amount of precipitation, often exceeding 100 millimeters (mm) per hour. Cloudbursts are particularly dangerous due to their sudden onset and the potential for causing flash floods, landslides, and significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture.

Mechanism of Cloudbursts:

1. Formation:
• Orographic Lifting: Cloudbursts often occur in mountainous regions where moist air is forced to ascend due to the topography. As the air rises, it cools and condenses, forming clouds. When the air is saturated with moisture, it can lead to heavy precipitation.
• Convective Activity: In some cases, intense convective activity can lead to the rapid formation of cumulonimbus clouds. These clouds can hold a large amount of water vapor, which can be released suddenly as heavy rainfall.
2. Atmospheric Conditions:
• High Humidity: High levels of humidity in the lower atmosphere provide the necessary moisture for cloud formation.
• Temperature Inversion: A temperature inversion can trap moisture-laden air near the surface, leading to the rapid buildup of clouds.
• Instability: Atmospheric instability, often caused by the heating of the Earth's surface, can lead to the rapid ascent of moist air, resulting in intense rainfall.
3. Triggering Factors:
• Topography: Mountainous regions are particularly prone to cloudbursts due to orographic lifting.
• Weather Systems: The interaction of different weather systems, such as monsoon troughs or cyclonic circulations, can enhance the likelihood of cloudbursts.

Impacts of Cloudbursts:

1. Flash Floods:
• The sudden and intense rainfall can lead to flash floods, which are rapid and unpredictable. These floods can cause significant damage to infrastructure, homes, and agriculture.
• Example: The cloudburst in Leh, Ladakh, in August 2010 resulted in devastating flash floods, causing extensive damage and loss of life.
2. Landslides:
• In hilly and mountainous regions, the heavy rainfall can trigger landslides, leading to the destruction of roads, bridges, and settlements.
• Example: The Kedarnath cloudburst in June 2013 triggered massive landslides and floods, causing widespread devastation in Uttarakhand, India.
3. Loss of Life and Property:
• Cloudbursts can lead to significant loss of life and property due to the sudden and severe nature of the event. The lack of early warning systems in many regions exacerbates the impact.
• Example: The cloudburst in Mumbai in July 2005 resulted in severe flooding, causing extensive damage and loss of life.
4. Disruption of Services:
• Essential services such as transportation, communication, and power supply can be severely disrupted, affecting the daily lives of people and hindering rescue and relief operations.

Conclusion:

Cloudbursts are a significant natural hazard, particularly in mountainous and hilly regions. Understanding the mechanisms and impacts of cloudbursts is crucial for developing effective early warning systems and disaster management strategies. Improved meteorological forecasting, better infrastructure planning, and community awareness can help mitigate the adverse effects of cloudbursts and enhance resilience to such extreme weather events.

7: What is the concept of a ‘demographic winter’? Is the world moving towards such a situation? Elaborate. (Answer in 150 words)

The concept of ‘demographic winter’ refers to a situation where a country or region experiences a significant decline in birth rates, leading to an aging population and a potential decrease in the overall population. This phenomenon is significant as it can have profound implications on economic growth, social structures, and the sustainability of welfare systems.

Several indicators suggest that the world is moving towards a situation of ‘demographic winter’:

• Declining Fertility Rates: Many countries, especially in Europe and East Asia, have fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. For instance, Japan's fertility rate is around 1.36, and Italy's is approximately 1.24.
• Increasing Life Expectancy: Advances in healthcare have led to longer life expectancies. The global average life expectancy has increased from 64.2 years in 1990 to 72.6 years in 2019.
• Aging Population: Countries like Germany and Japan have a significant proportion of their population aged 65 and above, leading to a higher dependency ratio.
• Shrinking Workforce: A declining young population results in a smaller workforce, which can hinder economic productivity. For example, South Korea is projected to see a 23% decline in its working-age population by 2050.
• Urbanization and Lifestyle Changes: Urban living and changing lifestyles often lead to delayed marriages and fewer children. In China, urbanization has contributed to a fertility rate of about 1.3.

However, several factors are preventing the world from universally moving towards a ‘demographic winter’:

• Increasing Human Capital: Investments in education and health are enhancing human capital, leading to more productive and innovative societies. For example, India's demographic dividend is expected to contribute significantly to its economic growth.
• Technological Advancements: Automation and AI can mitigate the impact of a shrinking workforce by increasing productivity. Countries like Germany are leveraging technology to maintain economic output despite an aging population.
• Migration: Immigration can offset declining birth rates. The United States, for instance, benefits from a steady influx of immigrants, which helps maintain its population growth.
• Policy Interventions: Pro-natalist policies, such as those in France and Sweden, provide incentives for families to have more children, thereby countering low fertility rates.
• Global Variations: While some regions face demographic winter, others, particularly in Africa and South Asia, continue to experience high birth rates. Nigeria's population, for example, is projected to double by 2050.

The concept of demographic dividend refers to the economic growth potential that arises from shifts in a country’s age structure, typically when the working-age population is larger than the non-working-age. This is significant for human development and economic growth as it can lead to increased labor supply, savings, and investments in human capital.

In conclusion, while some countries may face the challenge of ‘demographic winter,’ it is not a global phenomenon and will not affect all nations uniformly. Preparing for future demographic changes is crucial. With the right policies, such as promoting higher fertility rates, encouraging immigration, and leveraging technology, the challenge of ‘demographic winter’ can be transformed into an opportunity for sustainable growth.

8: Distinguish between gender equality, gender equity and women’s empowerment. Why is it important to take gender concerns into account in programme design and implementation? (Answer in 150 words)

Gender equality refers to the state where individuals of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities. Understanding the differences between gender equality, gender equity, and women's empowerment is crucial for creating effective policies and programs.

Distinguishing between Gender Equality, Gender Equity, and Women's Empowerment:

• Gender Equality:
• Goal: It is the ultimate aim where all genders have equal access to resources and opportunities.
• State: It represents a condition where there is no discrimination based on gender.
• Example: Equal pay for equal work regardless of gender.
• Gender Equity:
• Strategy: It involves fair treatment according to respective needs, which may include different treatment to achieve fairness.
• Process: It is a means to achieve gender equality by addressing imbalances.
• Example: Providing maternity leave to women to ensure they are not disadvantaged in the workplace.
• Women's Empowerment:
• Process: It is the process of increasing the capacity of women to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes.
• State: It focuses on enhancing the status and capabilities of women.
• Example: Programs that provide education and vocational training to women.

Importance of Taking Gender Concerns into Account in Programme Design and Implementation:

• Sustainable Development: Gender-sensitive programs ensure inclusive growth, which is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Efficient Utilisation of Resources: Addressing gender disparities can lead to better resource allocation and utilization, enhancing overall productivity.
• Social Justice: It ensures that all members of society have equal opportunities, promoting fairness and reducing social inequalities.
• Economic Growth: Empowering women can lead to increased economic participation, boosting the economy. For instance, McKinsey Global Institute estimates that gender parity could add $12 trillion to global GDP by 2025.
• Improved Outcomes: Programs that consider gender concerns are more likely to be effective and have a lasting impact. For example, gender-sensitive health programs can lead to better health outcomes for women and children.

Conclusion: Gender equality is a fundamental goal for humanity, achievable only by understanding the distinctions between related concepts and taking appropriate actions. Gender mainstreaming in India is essential to ensure that policies and programs are inclusive and effective, ultimately leading to a more equitable and just society.

9: Intercaste marriages between castes which have socio-economic parity have increased, to some extent, but this is less true of interreligious marriages. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: Inter-caste and inter-religion marriages are significant indicators of social integration and progress. According to the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2011-12, only about 5% of marriages in India are inter-caste, while inter-religious marriages are even rarer, constituting less than 2.5%. Inter-caste marriages involve partners from different castes, whereas inter-religion marriages involve partners from different religious backgrounds.

Reasons for Increase in Inter-caste Marriages:

1. Economic Factors: Economic independence, especially among women, has reduced the reliance on traditional caste-based support systems.
2. Social Acceptance: Urbanization and exposure to diverse cultures have led to greater social acceptance of inter-caste marriages.
3. Educational Parity: Higher education levels have fostered a more liberal mindset, reducing caste prejudices.
4. Legal Support: The Special Marriage Act, 1954, provides a legal framework for inter-caste marriages, encouraging couples to marry outside their caste.
5. Media Influence: Popular culture and media portrayals of inter-caste relationships have normalized such unions.

Reasons for Low Number of Inter-religious Marriages:

1. Religious Identity: Strong religious identities and beliefs often discourage inter-religious unions.
2. Political Polarisation: Rising political and communal tensions have made inter-religious marriages more contentious.
3. Lack of Social Acceptance: Societal norms and family pressures continue to oppose inter-religious marriages.
4. Legal and Social Hurdles: Legal challenges and social ostracism act as significant deterrents.
5. Fear of Conversion: Concerns about religious conversion often create resistance to inter-religious marriages.

Way Forward:

1. Governmental Efforts: Initiatives like the 'Incentive Scheme for Inter-caste Marriages' by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment can be extended to inter-religious marriages.
2. Awareness Campaigns: Promoting awareness about the benefits of social integration through inter-religious marriages.
3. Legal Reforms: Strengthening legal protections for inter-religious couples to ensure their safety and rights.
4. Educational Programs: Incorporating lessons on secularism and social harmony in educational curricula to foster acceptance from a young age.

In conclusion, while inter-caste marriages have seen a gradual increase due to socio-economic factors and greater social acceptance, inter-religious marriages remain limited due to strong religious identities and societal resistance. Promoting inter-religious marriages is essential for fostering social cohesion and national integration, and requires concerted efforts from both the government and civil society.

10: In dealing with socio-economic Issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive? (Answer in 150 words)

Answer: Socio-economic issues of development encompass challenges like poverty, unemployment, education, healthcare, and inequality. The government, NGOs, and the private sector play crucial roles in addressing these issues. The government provides policy frameworks and resources, NGOs bring grassroots-level insights and implementation capabilities, and the private sector offers innovation, technology, and additional resources. Collaboration among these entities is essential for holistic and sustainable development.

Areas of Collaboration:

1. Resource Mobilisation:
• Government: Allocates funds and creates policies.
• NGOs: Mobilize community participation and additional funding through donations and grants.
• Private Sector: Provides financial investments and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) funds.
• Example: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan saw significant collaboration where the government provided the framework, NGOs mobilized communities, and companies like Tata Group contributed through CSR.
2. Implementation of Schemes:
• Government: Designs and monitors schemes.
• NGOs: Implement schemes at the grassroots level, ensuring they reach the intended beneficiaries.
• Private Sector: Offers technological solutions and management expertise.
• Example: The Mid-Day Meal Scheme involves government funding, NGO implementation (e.g., Akshaya Patra Foundation), and private sector logistics support.
3. Capacity Building:
• Government: Provides training programs and infrastructure.
• NGOs: Conduct skill development workshops and community training.
• Private Sector: Offers expertise and advanced training modules.
• Example: The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) involves government funding, NGO training centers, and private sector certification and employment opportunities.
4. Technology Transfer:
• Government: Facilitates access to technology through policies and subsidies.
• NGOs: Adapt and implement technology in local contexts.
• Private Sector: Develops and provides cutting-edge technology.
• Example: The Digital India initiative involves government policy, NGO digital literacy programs, and private sector technology solutions from companies like Google and Microsoft.

Conclusion: Collaboration between the government, NGOs, and the private sector is vital for addressing socio-economic issues effectively. Each entity brings unique strengths that, when combined, can lead to comprehensive and sustainable development. However, challenges such as coordination, transparency, and accountability must be addressed to enhance the effectiveness of these collaborations.

11: “Though the great Cholas are no more yet their name is still remembered with great pride because of their highest achievements in the domain of art and architecture”. Comment. (Answer in 250 words)

The Chola dynasty, which flourished between the 9th and 13th centuries, is renowned for its remarkable contributions to art and architecture. Prominent rulers like Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola I were instrumental in this cultural renaissance.

The Cholas' architectural achievements are epitomized by the construction of grand temples. The Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, built by Rajaraja Chola I, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a marvel of Dravidian architecture. Its towering vimana (temple tower) and intricate sculptures exemplify the Cholas' architectural prowess. Another significant example is the Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple, constructed by Rajendra Chola I, which showcases similar grandeur and artistic excellence.

The Cholas were also pioneers in bronze idol making, a technique that reached its zenith during their reign. The Nataraja statue, depicting Lord Shiva in a cosmic dance, is a masterpiece of Chola bronze sculpture. These idols are not only religious artifacts but also exemplify the high level of craftsmanship and artistic sensibility of the period.

These temples and sculptures were not merely religious centers but also hubs for cultural activities, including dance, music, and education. The temples served as venues for classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, which were performed as part of religious rituals, thus promoting the arts.

The enduring legacy of the Cholas' achievements in art and architecture is evident in their lasting influence. Their architectural styles inspired future temple constructions across South India. Many Chola bronzes are now housed in museums worldwide, attracting art lovers and scholars. The temples continue to be major tourist attractions, drawing visitors from around the globe and contributing to the cultural pride of the region.

In conclusion, the Chola dynasty's contributions to art and architecture have ensured their name is remembered with great pride. Their temples not only preserved cultural heritage but also played a crucial role in the educational and artistic development of their time, making the Cholas a significant chapter in India's rich historical tapestry.

12: How far is it correct to say that the First World War was fought essentially for the preservation of balance of power? (Answer in 250 words)

The First World War, fought from 1914 to 1918, saw the Allied Powers (including France, Russia, and the United Kingdom) pitted against the Central Powers (primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). While multiple factors contributed to the war's outbreak, the preservation of the balance of power was a significant driving force.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 triggered a series of events, but underlying causes such as nationalism, imperialism, and militarism played crucial roles. Nationalism fueled desires for independence and dominance, while imperialism led to competition for colonies. Militarism created an arms race, making war more likely. However, the balance of power was a central concern, as nations sought to prevent any one country from becoming too dominant.

The balance of power is a concept where nations strive to maintain equilibrium to prevent any single state from achieving hegemony. This principle was crucial in 19th and early 20th-century European diplomacy. The intricate system of alliances, such as the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance, was designed to counterbalance potential threats. For instance, Germany's rise as a powerful nation prompted the formation of alliances to check its influence.

Historical evidence supports the notion that the war was fought to preserve this balance. The alliances were not merely defensive but aimed at countering the growing power of rivals. The Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894 and the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 were direct responses to the perceived threat from the Triple Alliance. The naval arms race between Britain and Germany further exemplifies the desire to maintain balance.

In summary, while nationalism, imperialism, and militarism were significant factors, the preservation of the balance of power was a major reason for the First World War. The intricate web of alliances and the efforts to counterbalance rivals underscore this point. The war teaches us the importance of maintaining a balance of power to prevent conflicts, a lesson still relevant in today's geopolitics.

13: How far was the Industrial Revolution in England responsible for the decline of handicrafts and cottage industries in India? (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: The Industrial Revolution in England, which began in the late 18th century, marked a significant transformation in global trade and industries through mechanization and mass production. This revolution had profound implications for traditional industries worldwide, including the handicrafts and cottage industries in India, which were integral to the Indian economy and culture.

The Industrial Revolution in England led to the decline of Indian handicrafts and cottage industries through several mechanisms:

• Decline in Textile Industry: The introduction of mechanized textile production in England, particularly the spinning jenny and power loom, drastically reduced the cost of British textiles. This made British goods cheaper and more competitive than Indian handwoven textiles, leading to a significant decline in demand for Indian products. For instance, the export of Indian textiles to Europe fell sharply by the early 19th century.
• Economic Policies: The British colonial administration implemented policies that favored British manufactured goods over Indian handicrafts. High tariffs and duties were imposed on Indian goods entering Britain, while British goods were allowed into India at nominal rates. This created an unequal playing field, further undermining Indian industries.
• Destruction of Local Markets: The British systematically dismantled local markets and traditional trade networks in India. The imposition of the British economic system disrupted the local economy, making it difficult for artisans and craftsmen to sustain their livelihoods. The deindustrialization of Bengal, once a thriving center of textile production, is a notable example.
• Raw Material Exploitation: The British emphasis on raw material extraction from India, such as cotton, for their industries in England, deprived Indian artisans of essential resources. This shift in focus from finished goods to raw materials weakened the local production capabilities.
• Technological Disparity: The technological advancements in England, such as steam engines and mechanized looms, were not introduced in India. This technological gap made it impossible for Indian handicrafts to compete with the efficiency and volume of British industrial production.

Other factors also contributed to the decline of Indian handicrafts and cottage industries:

• Colonial Rule: The British colonial administration's policies were designed to benefit the British economy at the expense of Indian industries. The drain of wealth from India to Britain, as described by Dadabhai Naoroji, further impoverished Indian artisans.
• Socio-Economic Factors: The traditional caste-based occupational structure in India limited the flexibility of artisans to adapt to new economic realities. Additionally, the lack of capital and access to modern technology hindered the growth of indigenous industries.

In conclusion, the Industrial Revolution in England played a pivotal role in the decline of Indian handicrafts and cottage industries through economic policies, technological advancements, and market disruptions. However, colonial exploitation and socio-economic factors also significantly contributed to this decline. The erosion of traditional industries eventually paved the way for industrialization in India, as seen in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the establishment of modern industries like the Tata Iron and Steel Company in 1907.

14: The groundwater potential of the gangetic valley is on a serious decline. How may it affect the food security of India? (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: Groundwater is a crucial resource for agriculture, providing irrigation to about 60% of India's net sown area. It is essential for sustaining crop yields and ensuring food security. However, the groundwater potential in the Gangetic valley, a key agricultural region, is on a serious decline.

The current status of groundwater in India is alarming, with reports indicating that about 54% of the country's groundwater wells are declining. The Gangetic valley, which supports a significant portion of India's agricultural output, is particularly affected.

Reasons for Decline:

• Over-extraction: Intensive agriculture practices, especially the cultivation of water-intensive crops like rice and sugarcane, have led to excessive groundwater withdrawal.
• Lack of Regulation: Inadequate regulatory frameworks and enforcement have allowed unchecked extraction of groundwater.
• Climate Change: Irregular rainfall patterns and increased frequency of droughts have exacerbated the depletion of groundwater resources.
• Urbanization: Rapid urbanization has reduced the natural recharge areas for groundwater.

Impact on Food Security:

• Reduced Agricultural Productivity: Declining groundwater levels lead to insufficient irrigation, affecting crop yields and reducing agricultural productivity.
• Increased Costs: Farmers may need to invest in deeper wells and more powerful pumps, increasing the cost of cultivation.
• Crop Failure: In extreme cases, lack of adequate irrigation can lead to crop failure, threatening the livelihood of farmers and food supply.
• Food Prices: Reduced agricultural output can lead to higher food prices, affecting the affordability and accessibility of food for the population.

Measures Taken:

• Jal Jeevan Mission: Aims to provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap connections by 2024, indirectly promoting water conservation.
• Atal Bhujal Yojana: Focuses on sustainable groundwater management with community participation.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Aims to improve on-farm water use efficiency through micro-irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems.

Way Forward:

• Better Regulation: Implementing stricter regulations on groundwater extraction and promoting the use of water-efficient technologies.
• Rainwater Harvesting: Encouraging rainwater harvesting to recharge groundwater levels.
• Crop Diversification: Promoting the cultivation of less water-intensive crops.
• Awareness Campaigns: Educating farmers and communities about sustainable water use practices.

In conclusion, the decline in groundwater potential in the Gangetic valley poses a significant threat to India's food security. Addressing this issue requires a multi-faceted approach involving better regulation, sustainable agricultural practices, and community participation. Ensuring the sustainable use of groundwater resources is crucial for maintaining agricultural productivity and securing the nation's food supply.

15: What are aurora australis and aurora borealis? How are these triggered? (Answer in 250 words)

Introduction: Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis, commonly known as the Southern and Northern Lights respectively, are natural light displays predominantly seen in high-latitude regions around the Arctic and Antarctic. These spectacular phenomena are caused by the interaction between solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere.

Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights):

• Location: Primarily visible in the polar regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including countries like Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, and Alaska.
• Appearance: Typically appears as shimmering curtains of green, but can also display red, yellow, blue, and violet hues.

Aurora Australis (Southern Lights):

• Location: Visible in the polar regions of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly in Antarctica, and sometimes in southern parts of Australia, New Zealand, and South America.
• Appearance: Similar to the Northern Lights, displaying a range of colors, predominantly green and red.

Mechanism of Formation:

1. Solar Wind: The Sun emits a stream of charged particles, known as the solar wind, which travels through space and interacts with the Earth's magnetic field.
2. Magnetosphere Interaction: When these charged particles reach the Earth, they are directed by the planet's magnetic field towards the polar regions.
3. Atmospheric Collision: As the charged particles collide with gases in the Earth's atmosphere, such as oxygen and nitrogen, they transfer energy to these gas molecules.
4. Emission of Light: The excited gas molecules release this energy in the form of light, creating the beautiful auroras. The specific colors depend on the type of gas and the altitude at which the collisions occur:
• Oxygen: Green (most common) at lower altitudes (~100-300 km), red at higher altitudes (~above 300 km).
• Nitrogen: Blue or purplish-red, depending on the energy level of the collision.

Factors Influencing Auroras:

• Solar Activity: The intensity and frequency of auroras are influenced by solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Increased solar activity can lead to more vibrant and widespread auroras.
• Geomagnetic Storms: These storms, caused by disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere due to solar wind, can enhance auroral displays.

Conclusion: Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis are mesmerizing natural phenomena resulting from the interaction between solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere. These light displays are not only beautiful but also provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of space weather and the Earth's magnetic environment. Understanding the mechanisms behind auroras helps scientists monitor solar activity and its potential impacts on Earth.

16: What is a twister? Why are the majority of twisters observed in areas around the Gulf of Mexico? (Answer in 250 words)

Answer:

Introduction: A twister, commonly known as a tornado, is a rapidly rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tornadoes are among the most violent weather phenomena, capable of causing significant damage due to their high wind speeds and unpredictable paths.

What is a Twister?

• Definition: A tornado is a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. It is characterized by a funnel-shaped cloud.
• Formation: Tornadoes form from severe thunderstorms, particularly supercells, which are large, rotating thunderstorms with a well-defined updraft known as a mesocyclone.
• Characteristics: Tornadoes can vary in size and intensity, with wind speeds ranging from 65 km/h to over 300 km/h. They typically last from a few minutes to over an hour and can travel several kilometers.

Mechanism of Formation:

1. Thunderstorm Development: Tornadoes usually form in severe thunderstorms where there is a significant temperature gradient, high humidity, and strong wind shear (changes in wind speed and direction with height).
2. Mesocyclone Formation: Within the thunderstorm, a rotating updraft called a mesocyclone forms due to wind shear. This rotation is crucial for tornado development.
3. Funnel Cloud Formation: As the mesocyclone intensifies, a funnel cloud may form and extend towards the ground. If the funnel cloud makes contact with the ground, it becomes a tornado.
4. Ground Contact: The tornado's base, often visible as a dust cloud or debris, marks the point where it touches the ground.

Why are the Majority of Twisters Observed in Areas Around the Gulf of Mexico?

• Geographical Factors: The Gulf of Mexico region, particularly the area known as "Tornado Alley" in the central United States, is highly prone to tornadoes due to its unique geographical and meteorological conditions.
• Warm, Moist Air: The Gulf of Mexico provides a continuous supply of warm, moist air, which is a key ingredient for thunderstorm development. This air mass moves northward and interacts with cooler, drier air from the Rockies and Canada.
• Wind Shear: The region experiences significant wind shear due to the interaction of different air masses. This wind shear is essential for the formation of rotating thunderstorms (supercells) that can produce tornadoes.
• Flat Terrain: The relatively flat terrain of the central United States allows for the unobstructed movement of air masses, facilitating the development of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes.
• Seasonal Patterns: Tornadoes are most common in the spring and early summer when the temperature contrasts between the warm Gulf air and cooler northern air are most pronounced.

Conclusion: A twister, or tornado, is a powerful and destructive weather phenomenon resulting from severe thunderstorms. The majority of tornadoes are observed in areas around the Gulf of Mexico due to the region's unique combination of warm, moist air, significant wind shear, and flat terrain. Understanding the conditions that lead to tornado formation is crucial for improving forecasting and mitigating the impacts of these devastating events.

17: What is regional disparity How does it differ from diversity? How serious is the issue of regional disparity in India? (Answer in 250 words)

Introduction: Regional disparity refers to the unequal distribution of resources, economic activities, and development levels across different regions within a country. It manifests in various forms, such as income inequality, access to healthcare, education, infrastructure, and employment opportunities. In contrast, diversity refers to the presence of varied cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and social characteristics within a population. While diversity is often seen as a strength, regional disparity poses significant challenges to equitable development and social cohesion.

Regional Disparity vs. Diversity:

• Regional Disparity:
• Definition: Uneven economic development and resource allocation across different regions.
• Indicators: Income levels, employment rates, infrastructure quality, healthcare access, educational attainment, and industrialization.
• Impact: Leads to social and economic inequalities, migration, and regional tensions.
• Diversity:
• Definition: The presence of varied cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and social characteristics within a population.
• Indicators: Ethnic groups, languages spoken, religious practices, cultural traditions.
• Impact: Enriches social fabric, promotes cultural exchange, but can also lead to challenges in governance and social integration.

Seriousness of Regional Disparity in India: India, with its vast geographical expanse and diverse population, faces significant regional disparities. These disparities are evident in various socio-economic indicators and have serious implications for the country's overall development.

Economic Disparities:

• Income Inequality: States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu have higher per capita incomes compared to states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha. According to the Economic Survey 2021-22, the per capita income of Bihar was approximately one-third of that of Maharashtra.
• Industrialization: Industrially advanced states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka attract more investments and generate higher employment opportunities, while states like Bihar and Jharkhand lag behind.

Social Disparities:

• Healthcare: Access to healthcare facilities varies significantly across regions. States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have better healthcare infrastructure and outcomes, while states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar struggle with inadequate facilities and high infant mortality rates.
• Education: Literacy rates and educational attainment also show regional variations. Kerala boasts a literacy rate of over 96%, while Bihar's literacy rate is around 70%, as per the National Statistical Office (NSO) data.

Infrastructure Disparities:

• Transportation: States like Maharashtra and Gujarat have well-developed road and rail networks, while northeastern states face connectivity challenges.
• Electricity and Water Supply: Access to reliable electricity and clean water varies, with states like Punjab and Haryana having better access compared to states like Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

Government Initiatives to Address Regional Disparities:

• Special Category Status: Certain states, particularly in the northeastern region, have been granted special category status to receive preferential treatment in federal assistance and tax incentives.
• Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF): Aimed at catalyzing development in backward regions by providing financial resources for infrastructure and capacity building.
• Aspirational Districts Programme: Launched in 2018, this program focuses on transforming 112 underdeveloped districts across various states by improving key indicators in health, education, agriculture, and basic infrastructure.
• Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT: These initiatives aim to improve urban infrastructure and promote balanced regional development.

Conclusion: Regional disparity in India is a serious issue that hampers equitable development and social cohesion. While diversity enriches the country's cultural fabric, regional disparities pose significant challenges to achieving inclusive growth. Addressing these disparities requires targeted policies, effective implementation of government initiatives, and active participation from all stakeholders to ensure balanced and sustainable development across all regions.

18: Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment. (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: The Indian government has implemented various affirmative actions such as reservations in education and employment, scholarships, and welfare schemes to ensure equity and social justice for underprivileged sections. For instance, the reservation policy provides 15% for SCs, 7.5% for STs, and 27% for OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions. Despite these measures, the impact remains limited. According to the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data, the literacy rate among SCs and STs is still significantly lower than the national average.

Several reasons contribute to the underprivileged sections not fully benefiting from affirmative action:

• Lack of Proper Implementation: Policies often fail at the grassroots level due to bureaucratic inefficiencies and corruption. For example, the Public Distribution System (PDS) suffers from leakages and poor targeting.
• Urban Bias: Many policies are designed with an urban-centric approach, neglecting rural areas where a significant portion of the underprivileged population resides. This is evident in the disparity in educational facilities between urban and rural areas.
• Awareness and Accessibility: Many beneficiaries are unaware of the schemes available to them or lack the means to access them. For instance, digital literacy is low among rural SC/ST populations, limiting their access to online services.
• Social Discrimination: Persistent caste-based discrimination hampers the effective implementation of affirmative actions. Reports of discrimination in schools and workplaces continue to surface, undermining the benefits of these policies.

To improve the implementation of affirmative action policies, various committees have made recommendations:

• Proper Monitoring: The Sachar Committee recommended the establishment of an Equal Opportunity Commission to monitor and ensure the effective implementation of affirmative actions.
• Decentralized Planning: The Second Administrative Reforms Commission suggested decentralized planning and implementation to cater to the specific needs of local communities.
• Capacity Building: The NITI Aayog has emphasized the need for capacity building at the local level to ensure better implementation and monitoring of policies.

In summary, while affirmative actions have been instrumental in promoting social justice, challenges such as poor implementation, urban bias, lack of awareness, and social discrimination hinder their full potential. Addressing these issues is crucial to realizing the constitutional goals of equity and social justice. Success stories like the increased representation of SCs and STs in higher education and government jobs highlight the positive impact of affirmative actions, demonstrating the potential for transformative change when policies are effectively implemented.

19: Globalization has increased urban migration by skilled, young, unmarried women from various classes. How has this trend impacted upon their personal freedom and relationship with family? (Answer in 250 words)

Answer: Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses. It has significantly impacted migration patterns, including the urban migration of skilled, young, unmarried women from various classes in India. According to the Census 2011, the number of women migrating for work or employment has increased by 101% from 2001 to 2011. Urban migration involves the movement of people from rural to urban areas in search of better opportunities.

Positive Impacts:

• Economic Independence: Urban migration has enabled women to achieve financial autonomy. For instance, women in IT sectors in cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad earn competitive salaries, allowing them to support themselves and their families.
• Change in Social Norms: Exposure to urban environments has led to a shift in traditional gender roles. Women are now seen in leadership roles in various sectors, challenging patriarchal norms.
• Exposure to Global Culture: Living in cosmopolitan cities exposes women to diverse cultures and ideas, broadening their perspectives. This cultural exchange fosters a more inclusive and progressive mindset.
• Educational Opportunities: Urban areas offer better educational facilities and professional courses, enabling women to enhance their skills and qualifications.
• Networking and Professional Growth: Cities provide ample opportunities for networking, which is crucial for career advancement. Women can attend seminars, workshops, and conferences, thereby expanding their professional horizons.

Negative Impacts:

• Pressure of Lifestyle: The high cost of living in urban areas can be stressful. The need to maintain a certain lifestyle can lead to financial strain and mental health issues.
• Alienation: Being away from family and familiar social structures can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation. This is particularly challenging for women who come from close-knit communities.
• Safety Concerns: Urban areas often have higher crime rates, and women may face safety issues, including harassment and violence. The Nirbhaya case in Delhi is a stark reminder of these challenges.
• Work-Life Balance: The demanding nature of urban jobs can make it difficult for women to balance work and personal life, leading to burnout and stress.
• Cultural Clash: The clash between traditional values and modern urban lifestyles can create internal conflicts and societal pressures, affecting mental well-being.

Urban migration is indeed a necessity in today's globalized world, offering numerous opportunities for personal and professional growth. However, the negative impacts must be addressed to ensure that women can fully benefit from these opportunities.

Way Forward:

• Policy Interventions: Government policies should focus on creating safer urban environments and providing affordable housing.
• Support Systems: Establishing support networks and counseling services can help women cope with the challenges of urban life.
• Workplace Reforms: Companies should implement flexible working hours and provide mental health support to help women maintain a work-life balance.

By addressing these issues, we can create an environment where women can thrive, making women empowerment a tangible reality.

20: Critically analyse the proposition that there is a high correlation between India’s cultural diversities and socio-economic marginalities. (Answer in 250 words)

India is renowned for its cultural diversity, encompassing a multitude of languages, religions, ethnic groups, and traditions. This diversity, while a source of strength, often intersects with socio-economic marginalities, manifesting in disparities in income, education, and access to resources.

India's socio-economic marginalities are evident in the significant portions of the population living below the poverty line, high illiteracy rates, and limited access to healthcare and employment opportunities. These marginalities are often exacerbated by historical inequalities and systemic discrimination.

High Correlation Factors:

• Historical Inequalities: The caste system has historically marginalized Dalits and Adivasis, limiting their access to education and economic opportunities. For instance, the 2011 Census data shows that Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) have higher poverty rates compared to the general population.
• Political Representation: Underrepresentation of certain cultural groups in political institutions can perpetuate socio-economic marginalities. For example, despite reservations, the representation of SCs and STs in higher echelons of government remains low.
• Geographical Disparities: Regions with high concentrations of cultural minorities, such as the North-Eastern states, often face economic underdevelopment. The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) has highlighted the need for special economic packages to address these disparities.
• Social Discrimination: Cultural minorities often face social exclusion, impacting their socio-economic status. For instance, the Sachar Committee Report (2006) highlighted the socio-economic disadvantages faced by Muslims in India.

Low Correlation Factors:

• Lack of Economic Opportunities: Economic marginalization can occur irrespective of cultural background. For example, urban slums in cities like Mumbai and Delhi house diverse cultural groups, all facing similar economic hardships.
• Low Education Outcomes: Poor educational infrastructure and quality affect all socio-economic groups. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2022 indicates that low learning outcomes are prevalent across various cultural groups.
• Urban-Rural Divide: The socio-economic marginalities are often more pronounced in rural areas due to lack of infrastructure and opportunities, affecting diverse cultural groups equally.
• Globalization and Market Forces: Economic policies and market dynamics can marginalize certain sectors and regions, impacting diverse cultural groups. For instance, the agrarian crisis affects farmers across different cultural backgrounds.

India's cultural diversity is vast, with over 2,000 distinct ethnic groups and more than 1,600 languages spoken. While there is a perceived high correlation between cultural diversities and socio-economic marginalities, it is crucial to recognize that economic and social policies, historical contexts, and systemic issues play significant roles. Addressing these marginalities requires inclusive policies, equitable resource distribution, and targeted interventions to uplift marginalized communities, ensuring that cultural diversity becomes a source of strength rather than a basis for division.