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| TIMELINE | SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENT |
| VARDHANA EMPIRE | Harsha Vardhana (606 A.D to 647 A.D.) · Harshavardhana was born in 590 AD to King Prabhakaravardhana of Sthaneshvara (Thanesar, Haryana). · He was a Hindu who later embraced Mahayana Buddhism. · He was married to Durgavati. · King Harshavardhana's deeds were praised by Chinese Buddhist traveller Xuan Zang (Hsuan Tsang) in his writings (Si Yu Ki). · There were two types of territories under Harsha. One was directly under him and the other type was those that were feudatories. · Direct territories: Central Provinces, Bengal, Kalinga, Rajputana, Gujarat · Feudatories: Jalandhar, Kashmir, Kamarupa, Sind, Nepal |
| 600-722CE | PALLAVAS OF KANCHI: Mahendravarman I (600-630 CE): · He was defeated by Chalukya King Pulkeshin II. · Titles assumed: Gunabhara, Satyasandha, Chettakari (temple-maker) Chitrakarapuli (painter), Vichitrachitta and Mattavilasa were titles used for Mahendravarman I. · Mandagapathu inscriptions mention beginning of rock-cut temples constructions · Music inscriptions at Kudumiamalai were ascribed to him Narshimhavarman I (630-668CE): · Narshimhavarman I defeated the Chalukya King Pulkeshin II at the battle of Manimangalam as per the Kuram copper plate inscriptions. · Assumed the title of “Mamalla” (great wrestler). · Founder of Mamallapuram or Mahabalipuram and the monolithic rathas were erected during his reign. · Naval expedition to Sri Lanka and restored the throne of Sri Lankan prince- Manavarma. · Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hieun Tsang visited Kanchi during his reign Narsimhavarman II (695-722CE): · Also known as Rajsimha. Assumed titles of Shankarbhakta, Agmapriya etc. · Sent embassies to China. · Shore temple & Kailasanatha temple were built during his reign. · Dandin- Sanskrit scholar lived in his court. |
| 608 CE-642 CE | CHALUKYAS OF VATAPI: PULAKESIN II (608 CE-642 CE): · The Aihole inscription issued by Pulakesin II · Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakesin II and composer of Aihole inscription was a Jain. · Pulakesin II defeated: Harshavardhan and limited his southward expansion to Narmada. · Also defeated Kadambas of Banavasi and the Gangas of Mysore and established his suzerainty. · Pulakesin II sent an ambassador to the court of Persian King Khusrau. · Hien Tsang, the Buddhist pilgrim from China, visited Chalukyas’ Kingdom during his reign |
| 730-1036 CE | GURJARA-PRATIHARA EMPIRE (WESTERN INDIA): Nagabhatta I (730-760): · Most famous Pratiharas kings, contained Arab armies · Defeated by Rashtrakuta king Dhruva Vatsaraja (780-800): · Expansionist policy brought him into conflict with Dharmapala, the Pala king and Rashtrakuta king Dhruv - The Tripartite struggle continued for about another 350 years. · Defeated the Pala ruler Dharmapala and Dantidurga, the Rashtrakuta king, for control of Kannauj. Nagabhata II (805–833): · Conquered Kannauj and the Indo-Gangetic Plain as far as Bihar from the Palas. · Rebuilt the Shiva temple at Somnath in Gujarat, which had been demolished in an Arab raid from Sindh. Bhoja I/ Mihir Bhoja (836-885): · Greatest ruler of Pratiharas, got victories over Palas and Rashtrakutas. · Capital at Kannauj, which is also known as Mahodaya. · adopted the title of ‘Adivaraha’ · Arab traveller, Al-Masudi called him King Baura Mahendrapala (885 - 910 CE): · Pratihara empire reached its peak of prosperity and power. |
| 750-1150 CE | PALAS OF BENGAL: Gopala (around 750 CE): · As per Khalimpur copper inscription of Dharampala, he founded the Pala dynasty · He was an ardent Buddhist. · Built famous Odantpuri monastery at Bihar, 2nd largest after Nalanda University Dharampala (770-810): · Defeated by Rashtrakuta king Dhruva and Pratihara king Nahabhatta II. · Founded the Vikramshila University near Bhagalpur · Revived Nalanda University Devapala (810-850): · Expanded empire in the east included Assam, parts of Orissa (Utkala) and modern Nepal. · Inscriptions proclaim his victory over Hunas, Gurjaras and Dravidas. Mahipala I (977 - 1027 CE): · After a short-lived decline, the fortunes of the Palas were restored under Mahipala I in the late 10th century. · Defeated |
| 752-973 CE | THE RASHTRAKUTAS (DECCAN): Dantidurga (753-756): · Founded Rashtrakutas kingdom in 753 CE. · Name ‘Dantidurga’ (meaning he whose elephant is his fortress) signifies his military feats and accomplishments. Krishna I (756- 774): · Gave final blow to Pallavas. · The rock-cut Kailasanath (Shiva) temple (monolithic, dedicated to Lord Shiva) at Ellora caves was built during his reign. Dhruva (780-793): · Led successful expeditions to Kannauj, defeated the Nagabhatta II (Pratiharas) and Dharmapala (Pala). Amoghavarsha I (814-878): · Follower of Jainism · Called as “Ashoka of the South” · Built a new capital city at Manyakheta (Modern Malkhed). · Assumed the title “Viranarayana”. · He wrote Kavirajamarga (Kannada) and the Prashnottara Ratnamalika (Sanskrit). |
| 850 – 1279 AD | THE CHOLAS: · Known as Imperial Cholas of Tanjore. · The founder of the Chola dynasty was Vijayalaya who was at first a feudatory of Pallavas. · The use of Agrahatta (Persian wheel) also facilitated the already established smooth irrigation networks of tanks, canals, wells and sluices · The empire was divided into mandalams (provinces), valanadu (districts) - Two assemblies - Ur, Sabha or Mahasabha Important Terms: · Kaikkolaperumpadai – Royal troops · Velaikkarar – Personal troops to defend kings · Kadagram - military cantonment · Puravuvanithinaikkalam – Revenue dept. · Peruvazhis – Trunk roads Rajaraja I (985- 1014 AD): · Greatest Chola Ruler · Took titles – Mummidi Chola, Jayankonda & Shivpadshekhara · Defeated Chera, Pandya & conquered Maldives Islands. · Naval expedition against the Sailendra Empire (Malaya Peninsula). · He overran Vengi of Andhra Pradesh. · Expanded trade with China. · In 1010 CE, constructed the Rajarajeshwara or Brihadeeswara temple, dedicated to Shiva at Thanjavur - UNESCO World Heritage site list in 1987 Rajendra I (1014- 1044 AD): · Son of Rajaraja I, defeated & conquered whole Sri Lanka. · Made Chola navy strongest in the area and ‘Bay of Bengal’ was converted into a ‘Chola Lake’. · Assumed the title of “Gangaikondachola” & built a city “Gangaikondacholapuram” · Encouraged local self-government Rajadhi Raja I (1044-1052 A.D): · He earned the title “Jayamkonda chola”. · He captured Kalyani, the western Chalukyan capital and took the title “Kalyanpuramkonda”. |
| 973- 1200 CE | WESTERN CHALUKYAS-KALYANI: · Followed the traditions of Rasthrakutas and Vatapi Chalukyas. · Ruled Karnataka region and surrounding areas. · Titles: Samasthabhuvanasraya and Vijayaditya · Territory was divided into Rasthra, Vtshaya, Nadu, Kampana and Thana · Officials: Vishayapatis, Gramakutakas, Ayuktakas and Niyakutakas · Shaivism and Vaishnavism were patronized. · Their temple architecture is known as “Karanatadravida”. Tailapa II (973-97 A.D): · Feudatory of Rasthrakutas. Defeated Krishna III. · Credited with victories over Chedi, Orissa, Nepal and Kuntala. Somasevara I (1042-68 A.D): · Took the titles – Ahavamalla and Trailokyamalla. · He built the city of Kalyan. · Bilhana’s Vikramankadevacharita deals with Somesvara I. |
| 1206-1290 AD) | SLAVE DYNASTY/ILBARI/THE MAMELUK SULTANS: QUTUB-UD-DIN AIBAK (1206-1210): · Founded the First independent Turkish Kingdom in India & assumed the title ‘Sultan’. · The Qutbi dynasty was founded by Qutbuddin Aibak - a Turkish slave of Muhammad Ghori. · Known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ or giver of lakhs as he gave a lot of liberal donations. · Issued coins in gold, silver, billon and copper - discarded carving the name of the Abbasid caliph on it. · Started construction of the Qutub Minar (only the first storey) dedicated to Sufi Saint, Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakthiyar Kaki - later completed by Iltutmish · Constructed 2 Mosques: 1. Quwwat-ul-Islam (Delhi). 2. Arhai din ka Jhonpara (Ajmer) SHAMSUDDIN ILTUTMISH (1210-1236): · Belonged to the Ilbari tribe, hence named Ilbari dynasty. Aibak had appointed him as iqtadar of Gwalior. · Real consolidator of Turkish rule in India and also Delhi. Shifted capital from Lahore to Delhi. · Silver tanka became a standard coin in medieval India. Also issued Copper jital. · Divided his empire into Iqtas (assignment of land instead of salary) · Completed the construction of the Qutab Minar at Delhi · Patronized Minas-us Siraj (writer) author of Minaj-us- siraj. · Created a new class of ruling elite of forty powerful military leaders, “The Forty” (Turkan-i-chahalgani). · He nominated Raziya as his successor RAZIA SULTAN (1236-40): · 1st and only female Muslim ruler of medieval India. · Discarded female apparel and purdah, adopted male attire, and went hunting. BALBAN (1266-1287): · Known as Ulugh Khan - one of the main architects of the Delhi Sultanate. · The second Ilbari dynasty was founded by Balban. · Balban introduced sijada (prostration) and paibos (kissing the Sultan’s feet). · He broke the power of the Forty. · Introduced the Persian festival Nawrouz. · Patron of men of letters and showered special favours on Amir Khusrau. · Called himself: Nasir-amir-ul-momin (Caliph’s right-hand man). |
| 1290-1320 AD | KHALJI DYNASTY: JALAUDDIN KHALJI (1290-1296 CE): · 1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus. · Murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 ALAUDDIN KHALJI (1296-1316 CE): · Appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (Master of Ceremonies) and Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of Law) by Jalauddin Khalji. · To keep a hold on nobles – He prohibited holding festivals, marriage without their permission, banned wines & intoxicants to avoid social gatherings, and reorganized spy services (Barids). · He proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”. · Barani wrote book: Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi. · Patronized poets like Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlv. · Adopted the title of Sikander-i-Azam and gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India). · Innovated: Chehra and Dagh system. Also created post of Mustakraj to collect revenue · Did market reforms |
| 1320-1414 AD | TUGHLAQ DYNASTY: GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ (1320-1325): · Founder of Tughlaq dynasty. · Took title: Ghazi (Slayer of Infidels) · 1st Sultan to start Irrigation. Built a strong fort called Tughlaqabad near Delhi. · Amir Khusrau's famous work “Tughlaq Nama” deals with the rise of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. MOHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ (1325-1351): · Defeated Mongols. · Advanced secular policies. Applied justice to Ulema. · Ibn-Batuta (author of Safarnama Rehla) (native of Morocco) was his contemporary · During his reign, 3 major kingdoms of South India emerged: Vijayanagar, Bahamani, and Madurai. · Transferred capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatadab). · Set up a new department of Agriculture (Diwan-i-Amir-Kohi) FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1351-1388): · Appointed Khan-i-Jahan Maqbal, a Telugu Brahmin as Wazir or prime minister · He constructed and improved several canals. He set up hospitals for the poor called – Dar-ul-shifa. · Set up new departments: o Diwan -i-Khairat - to make provisions for marriages of poor girls. o Department for Public Work. o Diwan-i-Bandagan – Department for slaves NASIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD (1390-1398): · He was the last ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty. · Taimur’s invasion (1398) during his reign weakened the sultanate. |
| 1414-1450 AD | SAIYYAD DYNASTY KHIZR KHAN (1414-1421): · Timur appointed Khizr Khan as Governor of Multan. · He captured Delhi and founded the Sayyid dynasty in 1414. · Saiyyad ruled Delhi for the shortest period (only 37 years) among the Delhi Sultans. |
| 1451-1526 AD | LODHI DYNASTY SIKANDAR LODI (1489-1517): · Contemporary of Mahmud Begarha of Gujarat and Rana Sanga of Mewar. · Founded the city Agra and transferred capital from Delhi to Agra. · Abolished the octroi duty on grains and established a new measurement of the yard called the Gaz-i-Sikandari. · He was a poet of repute, composed under the pen name of Gulruk. IBRAHIM LODI (1517-1526): · He was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi. · Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat which marked the end of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India |
| 1336 -1646 AD | VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE: Sangama (1336-1485): · Sangama was the first dynasty to rule over the Vijayanagara empire. · Founders: Harihar I and Bukka · Established a new city of Vidyanagar or Vijayanagara (meaning city of victory) on the south bank of river Tungabhadra. Saluva (1485-1505): · Founded by Narasimha, succeeded the Sangama dynasty as the second dynasty of the empire. · They ruled over almost the whole of South India Tuluva (1505-1570): · Tuluva, founded by Vir Narsimha, was the third dynasty, which ruled Vijayanagar Empire. · The most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire, Krishna Deva Raya belonged to this dynasty Aravidu (1570-1650): · Aravidu, founded by Tirumala, was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty to rule the Vijayanagar kingdom in South India. |
| 1347- 1525 CE | BAHMANI KINGDOMS: Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar (1490-1633 AD): · Founder: Ahmad Nizam Shah. · It was conquered & annexed by Shah Jahan in 1633. Adil Shahis of Bijapur (1490-1686 AD): · Founder: Yusuf Adil Shah. · Famous Gol Gumbaz was built by Muhammad Adil Shah. · Bijapur was conquered & annexed by Aurangzeb in 1687. Qutub Shahis of Golconda (1518-1687 AD): · Founder: Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah. · He built the famous Golconda Fort and made it the capital. · Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah founded the city Hyderabad (originally known as Bhagyanagar) and also built Charminar. Imad Shahis of Berar (1490-1574 AD): · Founder: Fatullah khan Imad ul Mulk. · Capital: Daulatabad · Annexed by rulers of Ahmednagar Barid Shahis of Bidar (1528-1619 AD): · Founder: Ali Barid · Annexed by Bijapur rulers. |
| 788 – 1319 | BHAKTI MOVEMENT: Shankaracharya (788 – 820AD): · Birth- Kelara, Death- Uttarkhanda (Kedarnath) · Guru – Govidhabhagavath pada · Integrated the essence of Buddhism in Hindu thought and interpreted the ancient Vedic religion · Consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedant (Non-Dualism) Ramanujarcharya (1017-1137A.D): · Birth - Tamilandu · Guru – yadavapreksha · Propagator of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta or qualified monism Nimbarka: · He was contemporary of Ramanuja. · He propounded the philosophy of ‘bheda-bheda’ Madhvarchaya (1238-1319 AD): · Was critic of Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta teachings. · He preached "Dvaita" or dualism · Important Bhakti Saints: Kabir Das (1440-1510 AD): · Disciple of Ramananda · He was the first to reconcile Hinduism and Islam. · He was a Nirguna saint · His poems are called “Banis” (utterances) or ‘Dohe’. His works are compiled in the famous book “Bijak”. Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1538 AD): · Birth: Talvandi Viilage & Death Kartarpur (Both are in Pakistan) · Founder of Sikh religion & the first Guru of ten Sikh Gurus. Initially worked as an Accountant. · Preached middle path & need of Guru for liberation. · Composed hymns and sang along with the help of an instrument called “Rabab” played by his attendant “Mardana”. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486-1533 AD): · Founder of modern Vaishnavism in Bengal. · He was a Saguna and popularized “Kirtans” (religious songs) as a form of worshipping God. · Popularized the chanting of “Hare Rama, Hare Krishna”. · Philosophy: “Achintaya Bheda-Abheda” |
| 1526-40 & 1555-1857 | BABUR (1526-1530 AD): · First Battle of Panipat (1526): Babur decisively defeated Ibrahim Lodhi – established Mughal Dynasty · One of the proponents of advanced warfare: Alternatively resting one wing of Army, Use of Gunpowder, scientific use of cavalry & artillery tactics - tulughma and the araba, effective use of Cannons. · Battle of Khanwa (1527): Babur defeated Rana Sangha and assumed the title of Ghazi · Battle of Chanderi (1528): Medini Rai was defeated and with this resistance across Rajputana was completely shattered. · Battle of Ghagra (1529): Babur defeated Mahmud Lodhi who aspired to the throne of Delhi. HUMAYUN (1530-40 & 1555-56): · Humayun succeeded Babur in 1530. · He had to deal with the rapid growth of the power of the Afghans & and Bahadur Shah of Gujrat. · At the battle of Chausa (1539) & battle of Kanauj (1540) Sher Shah, defeated Humayun and forced him to flee India · Humayun built a new city at Delhi which he named “Dinpanah”. · His widow Amida Benu Bhegum built Humayun’s tomb (UNESCO site). · Foundation for the Mughal painting was laid by Humayun - Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdal Samad were the two renowned painters AKBAR (1556-1605): · He succeeded the throne after his father Humayun’s death. · In 1556, in the second battle of Panipat, he defeated Hemu (Sur’s wazir). · Battle of Haldighati (1576): Akbar defeated Rana Pratap following most of the Rajput rulers accepted Akbar’s suzerainty. · The Mughal army was led by Man Singh. · Akbar defeated Gujarat ruler Muzaffar Shah. To commemorate this victory, he built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri. · Empire was divided into subas (provinces), governed by a subadar. Pargana & Sarkar were subdivisions of provinces · With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented with the land revenue administration; it was Zabti or Bandobast system · Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system in his administration · Abolished jizya. Built ibadat khana (House of Worship) at Fatehpur Sikri for religious discussion. Also, advocated the idea of sulh-i kul or “universal peace’’ · Introduced gold coins called Asharafi (mohurs). JAHANGIR (1605-1627): · Prince Salim succeeded after the death of Akbar with the title Jahangir (Conqueror of World) in 1605 · Jahangir erected Zanjr-i-adal at Agra fort for the seekers of royal justice. · Autobiography: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in Persian. · Introduction of the “du-aspah-sih-aspah” system · Started decorating walls with floral designs made of semi-precious stones (Pietra Durra) during his reign. · Built Moti Masjid at Lahore. Laid Shalimar and Nishant gardens in Kashmir. · The use of Halo or Divine lights behind the king’s head started under him. SHAHJAHAN (1628-1658): · Succeeded Jahangir and ascended the throne in 1628 · Deccan policy was more successful. He defeated the forces of Ahmednagar and annexed it. Both Bijapur and Golkonda signed a treaty with the emperor. · He defeated the Portuguese in 1632. · His court historian Abdul Hameed Lohiri wrote “Badusha nama”. · Built: Taj Mahal in 1632-33 to perpetuate memories of his wife, Mumtaj Mahal; Moti Masjid (entirely of white marble), Sheesh Mahal and Mussaman Burj at Agra; Red Fort with its Rang Mahal, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas at Delhi; Jama Masjid in Delhi (red stone); etc. AURANGZEB (1658-1707): · Masir-I-Alamgiri book written by Mustaid Khan throws light on Aurangzeb’s rule. · He assumed the title Alamgir, World Conqueror. Also called Zinda Pir. · annexed Bijapur (1686) & Golkonda (1687) and extended the Mughal Empire further south. · He faced tough fight from Shivaji Maharaj · He issued Zawabit-i-Alamgir (decrees of Aurangzeb) and appointed Muhtasibs to enforce moral codes · Discontinued the celebration of Dasarah & Navroz · Aurangzeb built Bibi Ka Maqbara (replica of Taj) at Aurangabad, Moti Masjid (Near Red fort, Delhi). · Initially Aurangazeb banned the construction of new Hindu temples and repair of old temples · Reimposed Jizya and pilgrim tax · He executed the ninth Sikh Guru Tej Bahadur · Miraz Mohammad Qasim wrote “Alamgirnama”. · His religious policy was responsible for turning the Rajputs, the Marathas and Sikhs into the enemies of the Mughal Empire |
| 1540-45 | SUR DYNASTY: Sher Shah Suri (1540-45): · Founder of the Sur dynasty and second Afghan Empire (after Lodhi). · Original name of Sher Shah - is Farid. · Purana Qila (Old Fort) and its mosque, Mausoleum at Sasaram were constructed during this period. · Malik Muhammad Jayasi wrote the famous Hindi work “Padmavat” during his reign · Sher Shah’s empire was divided into “Sarkars”. Built the Shahi (Royal) road from the Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in Bengal. This road was renamed the Grand Trunk (GT) road during the British period, connecting Calcutta and Peshawar |
| 1707 - 1857 | LATER MUGHALS: Muazzam (Bahadur Shah I) (1707-1712): · More tolerant towards Hindus. Never abolished Jizya but didn’t collect the tax strictly. · Granted Marathas Sardeshmukhi of Deccan, but failed to grant Chauth. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713): · Introduced Ijarah (Revenue Farming) Farruk Siyar (1713-1719): · Puppet of Sayyed Brothers · Abolished Jizya & pilgrimage tax. · Gave Farman to the British in 1717. · Dethroned by Sayyed Brothers Muhammad Shah Rangeela (1719-1748): · Autonomous states emerged under his reign: o Nizam-ul-Mulk→ Deccan o Saadat Khan→ Awadh o Murshid Quli Khan→ Bengal, Bihar and Orissa · Nadir Shah invaded India and looted Delhi. He also took away the famous Kohinoor Diamond. Alamgir II (1754-1759): · Battle of Plassey (1757) was fought during his reign Shah Alam II/Aligauhar (1759-1806): · Third Battle of Panipat fought between Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali · Participated in Battle of Buxar (1764) along with Mir Qasim and Shuja-ud-Daula against British East India Company. · Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa Akbar II: · Gave Ram Mohan Roy the title of “Raja”. · Introduced Hindu-Muslim unity festival Phool Walon ki Sair. Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857): · Last Mughal Emperor · An Urdu Poet using “Zafar” as his pen name. · Participated in revolt of 1857 after which he was deported to Rangoon and died. |
| 1674-1720 | MARATHA STATE: Shivaji Maharaj (1627-1680): · He inherited the jagir of Poona from his father in 1637. · Created an independent Maratha kingdom with Raigad as its capital. · He captured Javali from Chandra Rao More in 1656. · At the Battle of Pratapgarh (1659) he killed Afzal Khan (Adil Shah’s general). · Battle of Pavankhind (1660): Maratha forces led by Baji Prabhu Deshpande held back the larger enemy to buy time for Shivaji to escape. · Shivaji was defeated by Shaista Khan (sent by Aurangzeb). Later he made a bold attack on Shaista Khan’s military camp at Poona in 1663 & wounded him. Treaty of Purander (1665): Signed between Raja Jai Singh (under Aurangzeb) and Shivaji and Shivaji ceded some forts to Mughals & visited Agra to meet Aurangzeb. · Defeated Mughals in the Battle of Salher (1672). He was crowned & assumed the title Maharaja Chhatrapati in 1674 at Raigad fort. Sambhaji (1680-1689): · Sambhaji was the son of Shivaji Maharaj and as per the Treaty of Purandar, he was a Mansabdar of the Mughals. · In 1687, at the Battle of Wai he defeated Mughal forces. Shahu (1707-1749): · Shahu’s reign saw the rise of Peshwas & reduced Bhosale’s to mere figureheads. · By the time of Rajaram II/Ram raja the power of Chhatrapati was almost overshadowed by that of Peshwa. Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720): · First Peshwa · Started his career as a small revenue official. He was given the title of Sena Karte in 1708 by Shahu. · He became a Peshwa in 1713 & made the post most important and powerful as well as hereditary. Baji Rao I (1720-40): · Succeeded Balaji Vishwanath. Maratha's power reached its zenith under him. · Initiated the system of confederacy. · He captured Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese in the Battle of Vasai (1733). · He defeated Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1737 & concluded Treaty of Durai Sarai. Balaji Baji Rao I/ Nana Sahib I (1740-1761): · Defeated Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan in 1751 and 1/3rd of Indian Subcontinent came under Martha empire. · Signed agreement with Ahmad Shah (Mughal emperor) · Defeat at the 3rd Battle of Panipat · Successor: Madhav Rao → Narayan Rao → Sawai Madhav Rao → Baji Rao II. Anglo-Maratha War: · First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) · Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05) · Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) |
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